Editing History of Togo (section)

==Independence and turmoil==
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = First Republic of Togo
| common_name            = Togo
| image_flag             = Flag of Togo.svg
| image_coat             = Armoiries du Togo.svg
| symbol_type            = Coat of Arms
| image_map              = Location Togo AU Africa.svg
| capital                = [[Lomé]]
| national_motto         = {{native phrase|fr|'Travail, Liberté, Patrie'|italics=off}}<br />{{small|'Work, Liberty, Homeland'}}
| national_anthem        = ''[[Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux]]''<br />({{Langx|en|"Land of our ancestors"}}) <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Togolese national anthem.ogg]]}}</div>
| government_type        = [[Presidential republic]] under a [[one-party state]] (1962–1963); under a [[military junta|provisional military junta]] (1963)
| leader1                = [[Sylvanus Olympio]]
| year_leader1           = 1960–1963
| leader2                = [[Emmanuel Bodjollé]] (provisional)
| year_leader2           = 1963
| leader3                = [[Nicolas Grunitzky]]
| year_leader3           = 1963–1967
| title_deputy           = [[Vice President of Togo|Vice President]]
| deputy1                = [[Antoine Méatchi]]
| year_deputy1           = 1963–1966
| title_leader           = [[List of presidents of Togo|President]]
| title_representative   = [[List of prime ministers of Togo|Prime minister]]
| year_representative1   = 1960–1961
| representative1        = [[Sylvanus Olympio]]
| year_representative2   = 
| representative2        = 
| year_representative3   = 
| representative3        = 
| year_representative4   = 
| representative4        = 
| event_start            = Independence from France
| date_start             = 27 April
| year_start             = 1960
| event_end              = [[1967 Togolese coup d'état]]
| date_end               = 13 January
| era                    = [[Decolonisation of Africa]], [[Cold War]]
| year_end               = 1967
| p1                     = French Togoland
| flag_p1                = Flag of Togo (1957–1958).svg
| s1                     = Second Republic of Togo
| flag_s1                = Flag of Togo.svg
| year_exile_start       = <!-- Year of start of exile (if dealing with exiled government: status="Exile") -->
| year_exile_end         = <!-- Year of end of exile (leave blank if still in exile) -->
| event1                 = <!-- Optional: other events between "start" and "end" -->
| date_event1            = 
| event2                 = Established one-party state
| date_event2            = January 1962
| event3                 = [[1963 Togolese coup d'état]]
| date_event3            = 13 January 1963
| event4                 = [[1963 Togolese general election]] and [[1963 Togolese constitutional referendum]]
| date_event4            = 5 May 1963
| event5                 = 
| date_event5            = 
| event6                 = 
| date_event6            = 
| legislature            = [[National Assembly (Togo)|National Assembly]]
| currency               = [[West African CFA franc]]
| currency_code          = XOF
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| area_sq_mi             = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
}}
A new constitution adopted [[Togolese constitutional referendum, 1961|by referendum]] in 1961 established an executive president, elected for 7 years by universal suffrage and a weak National Assembly. The president was empowered to appoint ministers and dissolve the assembly, holding a monopoly of executive power. In [[Togolese general election, 1961|elections that year]], from which Grunitzky's party was disqualified, Olympio's party won 100% of the vote and all 51 National Assembly seats, and he became Togo's first elected president.

During this period, four principal political parties existed in Togo: the leftist [[Juvento]], the [[Democratic Union of the Togolese People]] (UDPT), the PTP, founded by Grunitzky but having limited support, and the [[Party of Togolese Unity]], the party of President Olympio. Rivalries between elements of these parties had begun as early as the 1940s, and they came to a head with Olympio dissolving the opposition parties in January 1962 because of alleged plots against the majority party government. The reign of Olympio was marked by the terror of his militia, the [[Ablode Sodjas]]. Many opposition members, including Grunitzky and Meatchi, were jailed or fled to avoid arrest.

On 13 January 1963 Olympio was overthrown and killed in a [[1963 Togolese coup d'état|coup d'état]] led by army non-commissioned officers dissatisfied with conditions following their discharge from the French army. Grunitzky returned from exile 2 days later to head a provisional government with the title of prime minister. On 5 May 1963, the Togolese adopted a new constitution [[Togolese constitutional referendum, 1963|by referendum]], which reinstated a multi-party system. They also voted in a [[Togolese general election, 1963|general election]] to choose deputies from all political parties for the National Assembly, and elected Grunitzky as president and [[Antoine Meatchi]] as [[Vice President of Togo|vice president]]. Nine days later, President Grunitzky formed a government in which all parties were represented.

During the next several years, the Grunitzky government's power became insecure. On 21 November 1966, an attempt to overthrow Grunitzky, inspired principally by civilian political opponents in the UT party, was unsuccessful. Grunitzky then tried to lessen his reliance on the army, but on 13 January 1967, a [[1967 Togolese coup d'état|coup]] led by Lt. Col. [[Étienne Eyadéma]] (later Gen. Gnassingbé Eyadéma) and [[Kléber Dadjo]] ousted President Grunitzky without bloodshed. Following the coup, political parties were banned, and all constitutional processes were suspended. Dadjo became the chairman of the "committee of national reconciliation", which ruled the country until 14 April, when Eyadéma assumed the presidency. In late 1969, a single national political party, the [[Rally of the Togolese People]] (RPT), was created, and President Eyadéma was elected party president on 29 November 1969. In 1972, a [[Togolese presidential referendum, 1972|referendum]], in which Eyadéma ran unopposed, confirmed his role as the country's president.