Editing History of Southeast Asia (section)

===Early agricultural societies===
{{See also|Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia|Domestication of rice}}
[[File:Likely routes of early rice transfer, and possible language family homelands (archaeological sites in China and SE Asia shown).png|thumb|Possible [[Urheimat|language family homelands]] and likely routes of early rice transfer ({{Circa|3500{{en dash}}500{{nbsp}}BCE}}). The approximate coastlines during the early [[Holocene]] are shown in lighter blue.<ref name="Bellwood2011">{{cite journal |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |title=The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator |journal=Rice |date=9 December 2011 |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=93–103 |doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9 |s2cid=44675525 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81529950.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81529950.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|doi-access=free |bibcode=2011Rice....4...93B }}</ref>]]

Territorial principalities in both Insular and Mainland Southeast Asia, characterised as ''Agrarian kingdoms,''<ref>{{cite book|author=J. Stephen Lansing|title=Perfect Order: Recognizing Complexity in Bali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6H-kCvCCwgC&pg=PA22|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15626-2|page=22}}</ref> developed an economy by around 500&nbsp;BCE based on surplus crop cultivation and moderate coastal trade of domestic natural products. Several states of the Malayan-Indonesian "[[Thalassocracy|thalassian]]" zone<ref name=socev/> shared these characteristics with Indochinese polities like the [[Pyu city-states]] in the [[Irrawaddy River]] valley, the [[Van Lang|Văn Lang kingdom]] in the [[Red River Delta]] and [[Funan (Southeast Asia)|Funan]] around the lower [[Mekong]].<ref name=funan/> Văn Lang, founded in the 7th century BCE, endured until 258&nbsp;BCE under the [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]], as part of the [[Đông Sơn culture]] that sustained a dense and organised population that produced an elaborate [[Bronze Age]] industry.<ref name=angk>{{cite web |url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/stark/pdfs/Stark_06_IPPA.pdf |title=Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong |publisher=Anthropology.hawaii.edu |access-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172512/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/stark/pdfs/Stark_06_IPPA.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/annual_review_06.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/annual_review_06.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Early Mainland Southeast Asian Landscapes in the First Millennium |publisher=Anthropology.hawaii.edu |access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

Intensive wet-rice cultivation in an ideal climate enabled the farming communities to produce a regular crop surplus that was used by the ruling elite to raise, command and pay work forces for public construction and maintenance projects such as canals and fortifications.<ref name=angk/><ref name=socev>{{cite book|author=F. Tichelman|title=The Social Evolution of Indonesia: The Asiatic Mode of Production and Its Legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGEyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|year=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-8896-5|page=41}}</ref>

Though [[millet]] and rice cultivation was introduced around 2000&nbsp;BCE, hunting and gathering remained an important aspect of food provision, in particular in forested and mountainous inland areas. Many tribal communities of the aboriginal [[Australoid race|Australo-Melanesian]] settlers continued a lifestyle of mixed sustenance until the modern era.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hunt|first1=C.O.|last2=Rabett|first2=R.J.|title=Holocene landscape intervention and plant food production strategies in island and mainland Southeast Asia|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|date=November 2014|volume=51|pages=22–33|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.011|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014JArSc..51...22H }}</ref> Many areas in Southeast Asia participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], a diverse sea-based trade network which functioned for 3,000 years, mostly in Southeast Asia, between 2000&nbsp;BCE to 1000&nbsp;CE.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan’s relations with the Philippines date back millenia, so it’s a mystery that it’s not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref>