Editing History of Somalia (section)

==Medieval==
{{main|Ifat Sultanate|Adal Sultanate|Ajuran Sultanate}}
[[File:Zayla.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the [[Adal Sultanate|Sultanate of Adal]] in [[Zeila]], Somalia.]]
[[Islam]] was introduced to the northern Somali coast early on from the [[Arabian peninsula]], shortly after the [[Hijra (Islam)|hijra]] (aka [[migration to Abyssinia]]). [[Zeila]]'s two-[[mihrab]] [[Masjid al-Qiblatayn (Somalia)|Masjid al-Qiblatayn]] dates to the 7th century, and is the oldest mosque in Africa.<ref name="Btgpb">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Phillip|title=Somaliland|year=2012|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1841623719|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC}}</ref> In the late 9th century, [[Al-Yaqubi]] wrote that [[Muslim]]s were living along the northern Somali seaboard.<ref name="Encyamer">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25|year=1965|publisher=Americana Corporation|pages=255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OP5LAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> He also mentioned that the Adal kingdom had its capital in the city,<ref name="Encyamer"/><ref name="Lewispohoa">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I.M.|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho|year=1955|publisher=International African Institute|pages=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> suggesting that [[Adal (historical region)|Adal]] with Zeila as its headquarters dates back to at least the 9th or 10th century. Adal's history from this founding period forth would, as a vassal of the [[Sultanate of Ifat]], be characterized by a succession of battles with neighbouring [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]].<ref name="Lewispohoa"/> According to Ibn al Mujawir, by 1228–9 AD emerging polities in northern Somalia had grown powerful enough to capture the Yemeni port of Aden from the 'Al Qumr' and construct its waterworks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarathi |first=Akshay |title=Early maritime cultures in East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean: papers from a conference held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (African Studies Program) 23-24 October 2015, with additional contributions |date=2018 |publisher=Archaeopress Access Archaeology |others=University of Wisconsin-Madison |isbn=978-1-78491-712-8 |series=Access archaeology |location=Oxford |pages=220}}</ref>

Throughout the Middle Ages, Arab immigrants arrived in Somalia, a historical experience which would later lead to the legendary stories about Muslim [[sheikh]]s such as [[Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti|Daarood]] and [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed]] (the purported ancestors of the [[Darod]] and [[Isaaq]] clans, respectively) travelling from Arabia to Somalia and marrying into the local [[Dir (clan)|Dir]] clan.<ref name="Lewis1994">{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Ioan M.|author1-link=Ioan Lewis|date=1994|title=Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society|location=Lawrencewill, NJ|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=0-932415-93-8|pages=102–106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fAjtruUXjEC}}</ref>

[[File:Fakr Ud Din Mosque.jpg|thumb|left|Engraving of the 13th century [[Fakr ad-Din Mosque]] built by Fakr ad-Din, the first Sultan of the [[Sultanate of Mogadishu]].]]
The Sultanate of Mogadishu's first dynasty was established by Abubakr bin Fakhr ad-Din. This ruling house was succeeded by different dynasties like the Qahtani, Hilwaani and eventually the Muzaffar dynasty and remained a powerful regional trading city-state, being the first to make use of the gold mines in [[Sofala]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge history of Africa : Fage, J. D : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory03fage|access-date=2020-08-07|via=Internet Archive|year=1975|isbn=9780521209816|language=en}}</ref> Eventually at the end of the 16th century the Muzaffarid dynasty allied themselves to the Somali [[Ajuran Empire]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|title=The Modern History of Somaliland: From Nation to State|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLQeAAAAIAAJ|year=1965|publisher=F.A. Praeger}}</ref> For many years, [[Mogadishu]] stood as the pre-eminent city in the بلاد البربر, ''[[Barbara (region)|Bilad-al-Barbar]]'' ("Land of the Berbers"), which was the medieval Arab term for the Somali coast.<ref>M. Elfasi, Ivan Hrbek [https://books.google.com/books?id=tw0Q0tg0QLoC&q=Barbar&pg=PA600 "Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century"], "General history of AfrÄÃǎica". Retrieved 31 December 2015</ref><ref>Sanjay Subrahmanyam, ''The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama'', (Cambridge University Press: 1998), p. 121.</ref><ref>J. D. Fage, Roland Oliver, Roland Anthony Oliver, ''The Cambridge History of Africa'', (Cambridge University Press: 1977), p. 190.</ref><ref>[[George Wynn Brereton Huntingford]], Agatharchides, ''The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: With Some Extracts from Agatharkhidēs "On the Erythraean Sea"'', (Hakluyt Society: 1980), p. 83.</ref> Following his visit to the city, the 12th century Syrian historian [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] wrote that it was inhabited by "Berbers", the ancestors of the modern Somalis.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fage|first1=J. D.|last2=Oliver|first2=Roland Anthony|title=The Cambridge History of Africa|page=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0zZKCpGmfkC|volume=7|year=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22505-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|title=A Modern History of Somalia: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt5yAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-7402-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukhtar|first=Mohamed Haji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&q=historical+dictionary+of+Somalia|title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia|date=2003-02-25|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6604-1|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Mogadishan currency.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Mogadishu currency|Mogadishan currency]] – The [[Sultanate of Mogadishu]] was an important monetary supporter of [[Adal Sultanate|Adal]].]]
The conquest of Shoa ignited a rivalry for supremacy between the [[Solomonic dynasty|Christian Solomonids]] and the [[Ifat Sultanate|Muslim Ifatites]], which resulted in several devastating wars and ultimately ended in a Solomonic victory over the [[Sultanate of Ifat]]. Parts of northwestern Somalia came under the rule of the Solomonids in medieval times, especially during the reign of [[Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia|Amda Seyon I]] (r. 1314–1344). In 1403 or 1415 (under Emperor [[Dawit I of Ethiopia|Dawit I]] or Emperor [[Yeshaq I of Ethiopia|Yeshaq I]], respectively), measures were taken against the Muslim Sultanate of Adal. The Emperor eventually captured King [[Sa'ad ad-Din II]] of the [[Walashma dynasty]] in Zeila and had him executed. The Walashma Chronicle, however, records the date as 1415, which would make the Ethiopian victor Emperor Yeshaq I. After the war, the reigning king had his minstrels compose a song praising his victory, which contains the first written record of the word "Somali". Sa'ad ad-Din II's family was subsequently given safe haven at the court of the [[Imams of Yemen|King of Yemen]], where his sons regrouped and planned their revenge on the Solomonids.

The oldest son [[Sabr ad-Din II]] built a new capital eastwards of Zeila known as [[Dakkar]] and began referring to himself as the King of Adal. He continued the war against the [[Ethiopian Empire|Solomonic Empire]]. Despite his army's smaller size, he was able to defeat the Solomonids at the battles of Serjan and Zikr Amhara and consequently pillaged the surrounding areas. Many similar battles were fought between the Adalites and the Solomonids with both sides achieving victory and suffering defeat but ultimately [[Sultan]] Sabr ad-Din II successfully managed to drive the Solomonic army out of Adal territory. He died a natural death and was succeeded by his brother [[Mansur ad-Din of Adal|Mansur ad-Din]] who invaded the capital and royal seat of the Solomonic Empire and drove Emperor [[Dawit II of Ethiopia|Dawit II]] to Yedaya where according to [[al-Maqrizi]], Sultan Mansur destroyed a Solomonic army and killed the Emperor. He then advanced to the mountains of Mokha, where he encountered a 30,000 strong Solomonic army. The Adalite soldiers surrounded their enemies and for two months besieged the trapped Solomonic soldiers until a truce was declared in Mansur's favour.
[[File:Ancient-Almnara.jpg|thumb|left|Almnara Tower, Mogadishu.]]
Later on in the campaign, the Adalites were struck by a catastrophe when Sultan Mansur and his brother Muhammad were captured in battle by the Solomonids. Mansur was immediately succeeded by the youngest brother of the family [[Jamal ad-Din II]]. Sultan Jamal reorganized the army into a formidable force and defeated the Solomonic armies at [[Bale Province, Ethiopia|Bale]], Yedeya and Jazja. Emperor Yeshaq I responded by gathering a large army and invaded the cities of Yedeya and Jazja but was repulsed by the soldiers of Jamal. Following this success, Jamal organized another successful attack against the Solomonic forces and inflicted heavy casualties in what was reportedly the largest Adalite army ever fielded. As a result, Yeshaq was forced to withdraw towards the [[Blue Nile]] over the next five months, while Jamal ad Din's forces pursued them and looted much gold on the way, although no engagement ensued.

After returning home, Jamal sent his brother Ahmad with the Christian battle-expert Harb Jaush to successfully attack the province of Dawaro. Despite his losses, Emperor Yeshaq was still able to continue field armies against Jamal. Sultan Jamal continued to advance further into the Abyssinian heartland. However, Jamal on hearing of Yeshaq's plan to send several large armies to attack three different areas of Adal (including the capital), returned to Adal, where he fought the Solomonic forces at Harjai and, according to al-Maqrizi, this is where the Emperor Yeshaq died in battle. The young Sultan Jamal ad-Din II at the end of his reign had outperformed his brothers and forefathers in the war arena and became the most successful ruler of Adal to date. Within a few years, however, Jamal was assassinated by either disloyal friends or cousins around 1432 or 1433, and was succeeded by his brother [[Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din]]. Sultan Badlay continued the campaigns of his younger brother and began several successful expeditions against the Christian empire. He recovered the [[Bale Zone|Kingdom of Bali]] and began preparations of a major Adalite offensive into the [[Ethiopian Highlands]]. He successfully collected funding from surrounding Muslim kingdoms as far away as the Kingdom of Mogadishu.<ref>Richard Gray, ''The Cambridge history of Africa'', Volume 4. p. 155.</ref> However, these ambitious plans were thrown out the war chamber when King Badlay died during the invasion of Dawaro. He was succeeded by his son [[Muhammad ibn Badlay]], who sent envoys to the Sultan of [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Egypt]] to gather support and arms in the continuing war against the Christian empire. The Adalite ruler Muhammad and the Solomonic ruler [[Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia|Baeda Maryam]] agreed to a truce and both states in the following decades saw an unprecedented period of peace and stability.