Editing History of Macau (section)

==1637–1844: Decline==
[[File:Cidade do Nome De Deus Nao Ha Outra Mais Leal.jpg|thumb|The full title awarded to Macau by King [[Joao IV]] is still displayed to this day inside the [[Leal Senado]], though the building and emblem itself date from the 19th century.]]
[[File:Le port de Macao en 1787 expedition La Perouse.jpg|thumb|Macao harbour, 1787]]
[[File:View of the Praya Grande, Macau, unknown artist, Guangzhou, China, c. 1830, oil on canvas - Peabody Essex Museum - DSC07303.jpg|thumb|View of the Praia Grande, Macau, unknown artist, {{circa|1830}}]]

In 1637, increasing suspicion of the intentions of Spanish and Portuguese Catholic missionaries in Japan finally led the ''[[shōgun]]'' to seal Japan off from foreign influence. Later named the [[sakoku]] period, this meant that no Japanese were allowed to leave the country (or return if they were living abroad), and no foreign ship was allowed to dock in a Japanese port. An exception was made for the Protestant Dutch, who were allowed to continue to trade with Japan from the confines of a small man-made island in Nagasaki, [[Deshima]]. Macau's most profitable trade route, that between Japan and China, had been severed. The crisis was compounded two years later by the loss of Malacca to the Dutch in 1641, damaging the link with Goa.

The news that the Portuguese [[House of Braganza]] had [[Portuguese Restoration War|regained control of the Crown]] from the [[Spanish Habsburgs]] took two years to reach Macau, arriving in 1642. A ten-week celebration ensued, and despite its new-found poverty, Macau sent gifts to the new King [[João IV]] along with expressions of loyalty. In return, the King rewarded Macau with the addition of the words "There is none more Loyal" to its existing title. Macau was now "City of the Name of God, Macau, There is none more loyal".  ("Cidade do Nome de Deus, Macau, Nao Ha Outra Mais Leal" <nowiki>[</nowiki>{{Audio|Portuguese-Cidade do Santo Nome de Deus de Macau, Nao ha outra mais Leal.ogg|Listen}}<nowiki>]</nowiki>).<ref>{{cite news|title=Step onto Senado Square and into the past: Walking tours bring Macau's Chinese, Portuguese history in focus|url=https://www.scmp.com/native/lifestyle/topics/experience-macau/article/1848586/step-senado-square-and-past-walking-tours|publisher=South China Morning Post}}</ref>

[[File:Lai Afong, view of Macau, 1870s-1890s.jpg|thumb|left|Macau, ''ca''. 1870]]

In 1685, the privileged position of the Portuguese in trade with China ended, following a decision by the [[Kangxi Emperor]] of China to allow trade with all foreign countries. Over the next century, Britain, the Dutch Republic, France, Denmark, Sweden, the United States and Russia moved in, establishing factories and offices in [[Guangzhou]] and Macau. British trading dominance in the 1790s was unsuccessfully challenged by a combined French and Spanish naval squadron at the [[Macau Incident (1799)|Macau Incident]] of 27 January 1799.
[[File:Praia Grande, Macau (gravura de W. H. Capone).png|thumb|Macau in the 19th century; ''Praia Grande,'' painted by W. H. Capone]]
Until 20 April 1844 Macau was under the jurisdiction of Portugal's Indian colonies, the so-called "Estado português da India" ([[Portuguese State of India]]), but after this date, it, along with [[East Timor]], was accorded recognition by Lisbon (but not by Beijing) as an overseas province of Portugal.

The [[Treaty of Wanghia|Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce between China and the United States]] was signed in a temple in Macau on 3 July 1844. The temple was used by a Chinese judicial administrator, who also oversaw matters concerning foreigners, and was located in the village of Mong Há. The Templo de Kun Iam was the site where, on 3 July 1844, the treaty of Wangxia (named after the village of Mong Ha where the temple was located) was signed by representatives of the United States and China. This marked the official beginning of Sino-US relations.