Editing History of Italy (section)

===Italic peoples===
{{Main|Italic peoples}}
[[File:Samnite theater of Pietrabbondante.JPG|thumb|[[Samnites|Samnite]] sanctuary complex at [[Pietrabbondante]]]]

[[File:Femmes peucètes dansant, fresque.jpg|thumb|Fresco of dancing [[Peucetians|Peucetian]] women in the [[Tomb of the Dancers]] in [[Ruvo di Puglia]], 4th–5th century BC]]
The Italic peoples were an [[ethnolinguistic group]] identified by use of [[Italic languages]]. Among the Italic peoples in the Italian peninsula were the [[Osci]], the [[Adriatic Veneti|Veneti]], the [[Samnites]], the [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]] and the [[Umbri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-12 |title=I popoli italici: l'Italia prima di Roma |url=https://www.storicang.it/a/i-popoli-italici-litalia-prima-di-roma_15064 |access-date=2022-01-19 |website=storicang.it |language=it}}</ref>

In the region south of the [[Tiber]] (''Latium Vetus''), the [[Latial culture]] of the [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]] emerged, while in the north-east of the peninsula the [[Este culture]] of the [[Adriatic Veneti|Veneti]] appeared. Roughly in the same period, from their core area in central Italy (modern-day [[Umbria]] and [[Sabina (region)|Sabina]]), the [[Osci|Osco]]-[[Umbri]]ans began to emigrate in various waves, through the process of [[Ver sacrum]], the ritualized extension of colonies, in southern Latium, [[Molise]] and the whole southern half of the peninsula, replacing the previous tribes, such as the [[Opici]] and the [[Oenotrians]]. This corresponds with the emergence of the Terni culture, which had strong similarities with the Celtic cultures of Hallstatt and [[La Tène culture|La Tène]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farinacci |first=Manlio |title=Carsulae svelata e Terni sotterranea |date=1997 |publisher=Stampato a cura dell'autore |language=it}}</ref>

Before and during the period of the arrival of the Greek and Phoenician immigrants, Sicily was already inhabited by native Italics in three major groups: the [[Elymians]] in the west, the [[Sicani]] in the centre, and the [[Sicels]] (source of the name Sicily) in the east.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chi erano e cosa facevano i siciliani di 3.000 anni fa? |url=https://www.focus.it/cultura/storia/vita-siciliani-tremila-anni-fa |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Focus.it}}</ref>

It is generally believed that around [[20th century BC|2000 BC]], the [[Ligures]] occupied a large area of the peninsula, including much of north-western Italy and all of northern Tuscany. Since many scholars consider the [[Ligurian (ancient language)|language]] of this ancient population to be [[Pre-Indo-European languages|Pre-Indo-European]], they are often not classified as Italics.<ref name="Treccanionline">{{Cite news |date=2011 |title=Liguri |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/liguri |work=Treccani.it |department=Enciclopedie on line |publisher=[[Treccani|Treccani -Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana]] |location=Rome |language=it |quote=Le documentazioni sulla lingua dei Liguri non ne permettono una classificazione linguistica certa (preindoeuropeo di tipo mediterraneo? Indoeuropeo di tipo celtico?).}}</ref>

By the mid-first millennium BCE, the Latins of [[Rome]] were growing in power and influence. After the Latins had liberated themselves from Etruscan rule they acquired a dominant position among the Italic tribes. Frequent conflict between various Italic tribes followed; the best documented are the [[Samnite Wars]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Catherine Mason |first=Carl Waldman |title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples |publisher=Infobase Publishing |pages=452–459}}</ref> The Latins eventually succeeded in unifying the Italic elements in the country. In the early first century BCE, several Italic tribes, in particular the [[Marsi]] and the Samnites, rebelled against Roman rule (the [[Social War (91–88 BC)|Social War]]). After Roman victory was secured, all peoples in Italy, except for the [[Celts]] of the Po Valley, were granted [[Roman citizenship]]. In the subsequent centuries, Italic tribes adopted [[Latin]] language and culture in a process known as [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanization]].<ref name=":0" />