Editing History of Guam (section)

==Spanish era==
=== Magellan's first encounter with Guam ===
[[File:Reception of the Manila Galleon by the Chamorro in the Ladrones Islands, ca. 1590.jpg|thumb|left|Reception of the [[Manila galleon|Manila Galleon]] by the [[Chamorro people|Chamoru]] in the [[Mariana Islands|Ladrones Islands]], ca. 1590 [[Boxer Codex]]]]
The first known contact between [[Guam]] and Europeans occurred with the arrival of a Spanish expedition led by [[Ferdinand Magellan]]. His three-ship fleet arrived on March 6, 1521, after a long voyage across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, from Spain. History credits the village of [[Umatac, Guam|Umatac]] as his landing place, but drawings from the navigator's diary suggest that Magellan may have landed in [[Tumon]] in northern Guam. The expedition had started out in Spain with five ships. By the time they reached the Marianas, they were down to three ships and barely half the crew, due to storms, disease, and mutiny in one ship.<ref name="Pacific Worlds">[http://www.pacificworlds.com/guam/visitors/explore.cfm Pacific Worlds], Antonio Pigafetta's account.</ref>

When Magellan's fleet arrived at Guam, they were greeted by hundreds of small [[outrigger canoe]]s that appeared to be flying over the water due to their considerable speed. These outrigger canoes were called [[proa]]s and resulted in Magellan naming Guam ''Islas de las Velas Latinas'' ("Islands of the [[Lateen sail]]s"). [[Antonio Pigafetta]] (one of  18 crewmen who completed the voyage) wrote in his account that the name was "Island of Sails".

Tired and hungry from their long voyage, the crew prepared to go ashore and get food and water. However, the Chamorus had a different concept of ownership, based on subsistence living, and were very excited by the appearance of these strange vessels.<ref name=Rodgers>{{Cite book
  | last = Rogers
  | first = Robert
  | title = Destiny's landfall: a history of Guam
  | publisher = University of Hawaii Press
  | year = 1995
  | location = Honolulu
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AEn9J3tXFS8C&pg=PA30
  | isbn = 0-8248-1678-1}}</ref>{{rp|30}} The Chamorus canoed out to the ships and began helping themselves to everything that was not nailed down to the deck of the galleons. "The aboriginals were willing to engage in barter... Their love of gain overcame every other consideration."<ref name="F.H.H Guillemard">[Guam Past and Present by Charles Beardsley], F.H.H Guillemard's accounts.</ref>

Pigafetta wrote that the inhabitants "entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay their hands on," including "the small boat that was fastened to the poop of the flagship."<ref name=Nowell>{{cite book|last=Nowell|first=Charles E.|date=1962|title=Magellan's voyage around the world; three contemporary accounts|url=https://archive.org/details/magellansvoyage00pigagoog |location=Evanston |publisher=Northwestern University Press|oclc=347382 |access-date=November 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114001942/http://archive.org/details/magellansvoyage00pigagoog |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|129}} "Those people are poor, but ingenious and very thievish, on account of which we called those three islands ''Islas de los Ladrones'' ("Islands of thieves")."<ref name=Nowell />{{rp|131}}
 
After a few shots were fired from the [[Trinidad (ship)|''Trinidad'']]'s big guns, the natives were frightened off from the ship and retreated into the surrounding jungle. Magellan was eventually able to obtain rations and offered iron, a highly prized material, in exchange for fresh fruits, vegetables, and water. Details of this visit, the first in history between the Spanish and a Pacific island people, come from Pigafetta's journal.<ref name="Pacific Worlds" />

=== Spanish colonization ===
{{Further|Spanish-Chamorro Wars}}
{{Further|List of governors of the Spanish Mariana Islands}}
[[File:Marianeninseln.png|thumb|left|1845 depiction of a group of Chamorus fishing for a village]]
Despite Magellan's visit, Guam was not officially claimed by Spain until 1565 by [[Miguel Lopez de Legazpi]]. However, the island was not actually colonized until the 17th century.<ref name="Voyages">http://www.alvoyages.com/articles/south-pacific/guam.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707023905/http://www.alvoyages.com/articles/south-pacific/guam.html |date=2009-07-07 }}, Turbulent History of Guam.</ref>

On June 15, 1668, the [[galleon]] ''San Diego'' arrived at the island of Guam.<ref name="History of Guam Book">Lawrence J Cunningha, Janice J. Beaty. ''History of Guam''.</ref> [[Jesuit]] missionaries led by [[Diego Luis de San Vitores]] arrived on Guam to introduce [[Christianity]] and develop trade. The Spanish taught the Chamorus to cultivate [[maize]] (corn), raise cattle, and tan hides, as well as to adopt western-style clothing. They also introduced the Spanish language and culture. Once Christianity was established, the Catholic Church became the focal point for village activities, as in other Spanish cities. Since 1565, Guam had been a regular port-of-call for the Spanish galleons that crossed the Pacific Ocean from [[Mexico]] to the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Guam Online">[https://guam-online.com/history/ Brief History of Guam]. Guam Online</ref>

[[Chief Quipuha]] was the maga'lahi, or high ranking male, in the area of Hagåtña when the Spanish landed there in 1668. Quipuha welcomed the missionaries and consented to be baptized by Fr. San Vitores as Juan Quipuha. Quipuha granted the lands on which the first Catholic Church in Guam was constructed in 1669. Chief Quipuha died in 1669 but his policy of allowing the Spanish to establish a base on Guam had important consequences for the future of the island. It also facilitated the Manila [[Galleon trade]].

A few years later, Fr. San Vitores and his assistant, [[Pedro Calungsod]], were killed by Chief [[Matapang|Mata'pang]] of Tomhom ([[Tumon]]), allegedly for baptizing the Chief's baby girl without the Chief's consent. This was in April 1672. Many Chamorus at the time believed baptisms killed babies: because priests would baptize infants already near death (in the belief that this was the only way to save such children's souls), baptism seemed to many Chamorus to be the cause of death.{{r|Rodgers}}{{rp|49}} The death of Quipuha, and the murder of San Vitores and Calungsod, led to a number of conflicts. Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to conquer the island, which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish forces.<ref name="Carano">{{cite book |last1=Carano |first1=Paul |last2=Sanchez|first2=Pedro C. |year=1964 |title=A Complete History of Guam |location=Tokyo |publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company |oclc=414965}}</ref>{{rp|68–74}} The [[Spanish-Chamorro Wars]] on Guam began in 1670 over growing tensions with the Jesuit mission, with the last large-scale uprising in 1683.  After his arrival in 1674, Captain Damian de Esplana ordered the arrest of rebels who attacked the population of certain towns. Hostilities eventually led to the destruction of villages such as Chochogo, Pepura, Tumon, Sidia-Aty, Sagua, Nagan, and Ninca.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|74–75}} Starting in June 1676, the first Spanish Governor of Guam, Capt. Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar, controlled internal affairs more strictly than his predecessors in order to curb tensions. He also ordered the construction of schools, roads, and other infrastructure.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|75–76}} In 1680, Captain Jose de Quiroga arrived and continued some of the development projects started by his predecessors. He also continued the search for the rebels who had killed Father San Vitores, resulting in campaigns against the rebels which were hiding out in some islands, eventually leading to the deaths.  of Matapang, Hurao, and Aguarin.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|77–78}} Quiroga brought some natives from the northern islands to Guam, ordering the population to live in a few large villages.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|78–79}} These included Jinapsan, Umatac, Pago, Agat, and Inarajan, where he built a number of churches.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|79}} By July 1695, Quiroga had completed the conquest of Guam, Rota, Tinian, and Aguigan.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|85}} Intermittent warfare, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the [[smallpox]] epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000, finally to less than 5,000.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|86}}

[[File:Atlas pittoresque pl 104 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Umatac, Guam|Umatac]] in 1846]]
During the course of the Spanish administration of Guam, lower birth rates and diseases reduced the population from 12,000{{r|Rodgers}}{{rp|47}} to roughly 5,000 by 1741.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) and Guam {{!}} Pacific Islands Benthic Habitat Mapping Center |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/cms/data-by-location/cnmi-guam/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.soest.hawaii.edu}}</ref> After 1695, Chamorus settled in five villages: [[Hagåtña]], [[Agat, Guam|Agat]], [[Umatac]], [[Chalan Pago-Ordot, Guam|Pago]], and Fena. During this historical period, Spanish language and customs were introduced in the island and [[Catholicism]] became the predominant religion. The Spanish built infrastructures such as roads and ports, as well as schools and hospitals. Spanish and Filipinos, mostly men, increasingly intermarried with the Chamorus, particularly the new cultured or "high" people (''manak'kilo'') or gentry of the towns. In 1740, Chamorus of the Northern Mariana Islands, except [[Rota (island)|Rota]], were moved from some of their home islands to Guam.

===Expulsion of the Jesuits===
[[File:The Island of Guajan (Guam), detail from Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Islas Filipinas (1734) (island crop).jpg|thumb|upright|The island of Guajan (Guam), detail from ''[[Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Islas Filipinas]]'' (1734)]]
On February 26, 1767, [[Charles III of Spain]] issued a decree confiscating the property of the [[Jesuits]] and banishing them from Spain and her possessions.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|101}} As a consequence, the Jesuit fathers on Guam departed on November 2, 1769, on the schooner ''Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe'', abandoning their churches, rectories and ranches.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|102–103}}

Governor Don Mariano Tobias, who arrived of on September 15, 1771, brought agricultural and civil reforms. These included making land available to the islanders for cultivation; encouraging the development of cattle raising; importing deer and water buffalo from [[Manila]], and donkeys and mules from [[Acapulco]]; establishing cotton mills and [[salt evaporation pond|salt pans]]; establishing free public schools; and forming the first Guam militia.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|107–109}} He was transferred to Manila in June 1774.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|113}}

Spain built several defensive fortifications to protect their Pacific fleet, such as [[Fort Nuestra Señora de la Soledad]] in [[Umatac]]. The Galleon Era ended in 1815 following [[Mexican Independence]]. Guam later was host to a number of scientists, voyagers, and whalers from Russia, France, and England who also provided detailed accounts of daily life on Guam under Spanish rule. Through the Spanish colonial period, Guam inherited food, language, and surnames from Spain and [[Spanish America]].<ref name="Ms.G">[Christina Gumatatotato Lecture], World History and Geography.</ref> Other reminders of colonial times include the old Governor's Palace in [[Plaza de España (Hagåtña)|Plaza de España]] and the Spanish Bridge, both in [[Hagåtña]]. Guam's [[Dulce Nombre de Maria Cathedral Basilica]] was formally opened on February 2, 1669, as was the Royal College of San Juan de Letran.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|68}} The cultures of both Guam and the Northern Marianas gained many similarities with Spanish culture due to three centuries of Spanish rule.<ref name="Rogers2">{{cite book|last=Rogers|first=Robert F.|title=Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-8248-1678-0|location=Honolulu}}</ref>

===Post-Napoleonic era===
Following the [[Napoleonic Wars]], many Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere had become independent, shifting the economic dependence of Guam from [[Mexico]] to the Philippines.<ref name=Carano />{{rp|144}} Don Francisco Ramon de Villalobos, who became governor in 1831, improved economic conditions including the promotion of rice cultivation and the establishment of a [[Leprosy|leper]] hospital.<ref name=Carano />{{rp|148–149}}

[[Otto von Kotzebue]] visited the island in November 1817,<ref name=Carano />{{rp|127}} and [[Louis de Freycinet]] in March 1819.<ref name=Carano />{{rp|134}} [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] made two visits, the first in May 1828.<ref name=Carano />{{rp|139}} The island became a rest stop for [[whaling|whalers]] starting in 1823.<ref name=Carano />{{rp|145}}

A devastating typhoon struck the island on August 10, 1848, followed by a severe earthquake on January 25, 1849, which resulted in many refugees from the [[Caroline Islands]], victims of the resultant [[tsunami]].<ref name=Carano />{{rp|151}} After [[1856 Guam smallpox epidemic|a smallpox epidemic killed 3,644 Guamanians in 1856]], Carolinians and Japanese were permitted to settle in the Marianas.<ref name=Carano />{{rp|157}} Guam received nineteen Filipino prisoners after their failed [[1872 Cavite mutiny]].<ref name=Carano />{{rp|160}} Later in 1896, more than fifty Filipino "deportados" were sent to Guam; when they attempted to escape many were killed and wounded by Chamorro artillerymen.<ref name=Oberiano2021 >{{cite thesis |last=Oberiano |first=Kristin |date=6 July 2021 |title=Territorial Discontent: Chamorros, FIlipinos, and the Making of the United States Empire on Guam |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/37370117/OberianoDissertation-CopyEdit4.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |degree=Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History |chapter= |publisher=Harvard University |docket= |oclc= |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>{{rp|58}}