Editing History of Eswatini (section)

== Swaziland Protectorate (1903–1968) ==

{{Infobox country
| native_name            = Eswatini/KaNgwane
| conventional_long_name = Swaziland Protectorate
| common_name            = Swaziland Protectorate
| era                    = [[New Imperialism]]
| status                 = Protectorate
| empire                 = [[British Empire|United Kingdom]]
| government_type        = [[Protectorate]]
| year_start             = 1903
| year_end               = 1968
| event_start            = [[Scramble for Africa|Protectorate established]]
| date_start             = 31 March
| event_end              = 
| date_end               = 
| event1                 = 
| date_event1            = 
| p1                     = Transvaal Colony
| flag_p1                = Flag of the Transvaal Colony 1904–1910.svg 
| s1                     = Swaziland
| flag_s1                = Flag of Eswatini.svg
| image_flag             = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
| flag                   = Flag of Eswatini
| image_map              = 
| image_map_caption      = 
| capital                = [[Mbabane]]
| national_anthem        = [[God Save the Queen]]<br>[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg]]
| common_languages       = [[English language|English]] (official)<br> [[Siswati]], [[IsiZulu]]
| religion               = [[Congregationalism]] ([[Christianism|Christian]] mission churches of the [[London Missionary Society]]/LMS); [[Anglicanism]], [[Methodism]], [[Catholicism]], [[Religion in Eswatini#Swazi religion|Swazi Religion]]
| currency               = [[Pound sterling]]
| title_representative   = [[Resident Commissioner]]
| legislature            = [[Legislative Council of Swaziland|Legislative Council]] (1964–1967)
| stat_year1             = 
| stat_area1             = 
| stat_pop1              = 
| footnotes              = 
| today                  = 
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
|representative1=[[Francis Enraght-Moony]]|year_representative1=1903-1907|representative2=[[Francis Alfred Lloyd]]|year_representative2=1964-1968|title_deputy=Paramount Chief|deputy1=[[Sobhuza II]]|year_deputy1=1903-1968}}

{{Culture of Eswatini}}

Throughout the protectorate period from 1903 to 1968, Swaziland was largely governed by a resident commissioner who ruled according to decrees issued by the [[British High Commissioner to South Africa]]. Such decrees were formulated in close consultation with the resident commissioners, who in turn took informal and formal advice from White settler interests and the Swazi king. In 1907, during the residency of [[Robert Coryndon]], Swazi land was partitioned into a third for the Swazi nation, or reserves, and the remaining two-thirds as crown and commercial land, for European occupation.<ref name="Crush1979" /><ref name="Scott1951" /> The partition was carried out in 1909, and Swazis living in European areas were given five years to vacate the land.<ref name="Scott1951" />

=== British Resident Commissioners in Swaziland ===

Sources:<ref name="WorldStatesmen" /><ref name="BritishEmpire" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Name !! Birth/Death
|-
| 1903–1907 || Francis Enraght-Moony || b. 1865 – d. 1943
|-
| 1907–1916 || [[Robert Coryndon|Robert Thorne Coryndon]] || b. 1870 – d. 1925
|-
| Jan 1917 – Oct 1928 ||[[De Symons Montagu George Honey|Sir De Symons Montagu George Honey]]|| b. 1872 – d. 1945
|-
| Oct 1928 – 1 Apr 1935 || Thomas Ainsworth Dickson || b. 1881 – d. 1935
|-
| Oct 1935 – Nov 1937 || Allan Graham Marwick || b. 1877 – d. 1966
|-
| Nov 1937 – 30 Sep 1942 || [[Charles Lamb Bruton]] || b. 1890 – d. 1969
|-
| 30 Sep 1942 – 25 Aug 1946 || Eric Kellett Featherstone || b. 1896 – d. 1965
|-
| 25 Aug 1946 – 1951 || [[Edward Beetham|Edward Betham Beetham]] || b. 1905 – d. 1979
|-
| 1951–1956 || David Loftus Morgan || b. 1904 – d. 1976
|-
| 1956–1964 || Brian Allan Marwick || b. 1908 – d. 1992
|-
| 1964–1968 || Francis Alfred Lloyd || b. 1916 – d. 2006
|}

In 1921, the British established Swaziland's first legislative body — a European Advisory Council (EAC) of elected White representatives with the task of advising the British Resident Commissioner on non-Swazi affairs. In 1944, the Commissioner reconstituted the basis and role of the EAC, and, over Swazi objections, issued a Native Authorities Proclamation constituting the paramount chief or Ingwenyama and King to the Swazis, as the British called the king, as the native authority for the territory to issue legally enforceable orders to the Swazis, subject to restrictions and directions from the resident commissioner. Under pressure from royal non-cooperation, this proclamation was revised in 1952 to grant the Swazi paramount chief a degree of autonomy unprecedented in British [[indirect rule]] in Africa. Also in 1921, after more than twenty years of the regency headed by Queen Regent [[Labotsibeni Mdluli|Labotsibeni]], [[Sobhuza II of Swaziland|Sobhuza II]] became [[Ngwenyama|''Ingwenyama'']] (lion) or head of the Swazi nation.

In the early years of indirect rule, the British expected that Swaziland would eventually be incorporated into South Africa. After the [[World War II|Second World War]], however, South Africa's intensification of [[apartheid|racial discrimination]], especially through the election of the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]], induced the [[United Kingdom]] to prepare Swaziland for complete independence. Political activity intensified in the early 1960s. Several political parties were formed and jostled for power and economic development. However, the parties were largely urban and had few ties to the rural areas, where most Swazis still lived. The traditional Swazi leaders, including [[Sobhuza II of Swaziland|King Sobhuza II]] and his Inner Council, formed the Imbokodvo National Movement (INM), a political group that capitalized on its close identification with the Swazi way of life. Responding to pressure for political change, the protectorate government scheduled an election in mid-1964 for the first [[Legislative Council of Swaziland|Legislative Council]] in which the Swazis would participate. In the election, the INM and four other parties, most having more radical platforms, competed in the election. The INM won all 24 elective seats.

Swazi soldiers served in [[World War II]] (see [[Eswatini in World War II]]).