Editing History of Canada (section)

===Wars during the colonial era===
{{Further|French and Indian Wars}}
{{See also|Military history of Canada}}
[[File:Les Anglais évacuant le Fort Nelson en 1697 dans la baie d'Hudson.jpg|thumb|[[Hudson's Bay Company]] personnel surrender [[York Factory|Fort Nelson]] to French forces after the [[Battle of Hudson's Bay]]]]
By the early 1700s, the [[List of French forts in North America|New France settlers were well established]] along the shores of the St. Lawrence River and parts of Nova Scotia, with a population of around 16,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4151287-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2009|access-date=August 26, 2010}}</ref> However, new arrivals stopped coming from France in the proceeding decades,<ref name="Powell2009b">{{cite book|first1=John |last1=Powell|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA203|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1012-7|page=203}}</ref><ref name="Dale2004b">{{cite book|first1=Ronald J. |last1=Dale|title=The Fall of New France: How the French Lost a North American Empire 1754–1763|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZmpn3g3UFQC&pg=PR2|year=2004|publisher=James Lorimer & Company|isbn=978-1-55028-840-7|page=2}}</ref><ref name="FindlingThackeray2011">{{cite book|first1=John E. |last1=Findling|first2=Frank W. |last2=Thackeray|title=What Happened?: An Encyclopedia of Events that Changed America Forever|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2YSI904ZNsC&pg=PA38|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-621-8|page=38}}</ref> meaning that the English and Scottish settlers in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the southern [[Thirteen Colonies]] outnumbered the French population approximately ten to one by the 1750s.<ref name="Preston2009"/><ref name="Hart-Davis2012">{{cite book|first1=Adam |last1=Hart-Davis|title=History: From the Dawn of Civilization to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCouMhrlDzYC&pg=PA483|year=2012|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-0-7566-9858-4|page=483}}</ref>

From 1670, through the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], the English also laid claim to Hudson Bay and its drainage basin, known as [[Rupert's Land]], establishing [[List of Hudson's Bay Company trading posts|new trading posts and forts]], while continuing to operate fishing settlements in Newfoundland.<ref name="Porter1994">{{cite book|first1=Andrew Neil |last1=Porter|title=Atlas of British overseas expansion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8EOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA60|year= 1994|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-06347-0|page=60}}</ref> French expansion along the Canadian canoe routes challenged the Hudson's Bay Company claims, and in 1686, [[Pierre de Troyes, Chevalier de Troyes|Pierre Troyes]] led an [[Hudson Bay expedition (1686)|overland expedition from Montreal to the shore of the bay]], where they managed to capture a handful of outposts.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Marsh |first1=James |date=December 16, 2013 |title=Pierre de Troyes |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |edition=online |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pierre-de-troyes |access-date=November 27, 2013 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010458/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/pierre-de-troyes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle|La Salle]]'s explorations gave France a claim to the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi River Valley]], where fur trappers and a few settlers set up [[List of French forts in North America#United States|scattered forts and settlements]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/explorers/samuelhearne.asp |title=Our History: People: Explorers: Samuel Hearne |access-date=November 14, 2007 |publisher=Hudson's Bay Company}}</ref>
[[File:Days of Old (35913521205).jpg|thumb|left|The port inside the [[Fortress of Louisbourg]]. The French built the fortress during the mid-18th century to protect the Acadian colony on [[Île-Royale (New France)|Île-Royale]].]]
There were four [[French and Indian Wars]] and two additional wars in Acadia and Nova Scotia between the Thirteen American Colonies and New France from 1688 to 1763. During [[King William's War]] (1688 to 1697), military conflicts in Acadia included the [[Battle of Port Royal (1690)]]; a naval battle in the Bay of Fundy ([[Action of July 14, 1696]]); and the [[Raid on Chignecto (1696)]].<ref name="Grenier2008a">{{cite book|first1=John |last1=Grenier|title=The Far Reaches Of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVG5h6G5fWMC&pg=PA123|year=2008|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3876-3|page=123}}</ref> The [[Peace of Ryswick|Treaty of Ryswick]] in 1697 ended the war between the two colonial powers of England and France for a brief time.<ref name="ZuehlkeDaniel2006">{{cite book|first1=Mark |last1=Zuehlke|first2=C. Stuart |last2=Daniel|title=Canadian Military Atlas: Four Centuries of Conflict from New France to Kosovo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyNlm8SuplEC&pg=PA16|year= 2006|publisher=Douglas & McIntyre|isbn=978-1-55365-209-0|pages=16–}}</ref> During [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702 to 1713), the British [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] occurred in 1710,<ref name="Reid2004">{{cite book|first1=John G. |last1=Reid|title=The "Conquest" of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqJ9qFqWK4IC&pg=PA48|year=2004|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8538-2|pages=48–}}</ref> resulting in Nova Scotia (other than Cape Breton) being officially ceded to the British by the [[Treaty of Utrecht (1713)|Treaty of Utrecht]], including Rupert's Land, which France had conquered in the late 17th century ([[Battle of Hudson's Bay]]).<ref name="Axelrod2007">{{cite book|first1=Alan |last1=Axelrod|title=Blooding at Great Meadows: young George Washington and the battle that shaped the man|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EBKOCt_P0EC&pg=PA62|year=2007|publisher=Running Press|isbn=978-0-7624-2769-7|pages=62–}}</ref> As an immediate result of this setback, France founded the powerful [[Fortress of Louisbourg]] on [[Cape Breton Island]].<ref name="Dale2004a">{{cite book|first1=Ronald J. |last1=Dale|title=The Fall of New France: How the French Lost a North American Empire 1754–1763|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZmpn3g3UFQC&pg=PA13|year=2004|publisher=James Lorimer & Company|isbn=978-1-55028-840-7|page=13}}</ref>

Louisbourg was intended to serve as a year-round military and naval base for France's remaining North American empire and to protect the entrance to the St. Lawrence River. [[Father Rale's War]] resulted in both the fall of New France's influence in present-day [[Maine]] and the British recognition that it would have to negotiate with the Mi'kmaq in Nova Scotia. During [[King George's War]] (1744 to 1748), an army of New Englanders led by [[William Pepperrell]] mounted an expedition of 90 vessels and 4,000 men against Louisbourg in 1745.<ref name="Irvin2002">{{cite book|first1=Benjamin |last1=Irvin|title=Samuel Adams: Son of Liberty, Father of Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/samueladamssonof0000irvi|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513225-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/samueladamssonof0000irvi/page/32 32]}}</ref> Within three months the fortress surrendered. The return of Louisbourg to French control by the peace treaty prompted the British to found [[City of Halifax|Halifax]] in 1749 under [[Edward Cornwallis]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Thomas H|last1=Raddall|title=Halifax, Warden of the North|publisher=McClelland and Stewart Limited|year=1971|pages=[https://archive.org/details/halifaxwardenofn00radd_1/page/18 18–21]|url=https://archive.org/details/halifaxwardenofn00radd_1/page/18|isbn=978-1-55109-060-3|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> Despite the official cessation of war between the British and French empires with the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]], the conflict in Acadia and Nova Scotia continued as [[Father Le Loutre's War]].<ref name="Grenier2008b">{{cite book|first1=John |last1=Grenier|title=The far reaches of empire: war in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVG5h6G5fWMC&pg=PA138YEAR|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3876-3|pages=138–140|year=2008}}</ref>
[[File:Acadian deportation map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A migratory map showing the movements of Acadian deportees during the [[Expulsion of the Acadians|Great Upheaval]]]]
The British ordered the Acadians expelled from their lands in 1755 during the [[French and Indian War]], an event called the [[Expulsion of the Acadians]] or {{lang|fr|le Grand Dérangement}}.<ref name="Jobb2008">{{cite book|first1=Dean W. |last1=Jobb|title=The Acadians: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzksi8dKPCsC&pg=PP296|year=2008|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-15772-5|page=296}}</ref> The "expulsion" resulted in approximately 12,000 Acadians being shipped to destinations throughout Britain's North America and to France, Quebec and the French Caribbean colony of [[Saint-Domingue]].<ref name="Lacoursière1996">{{cite book|first1=Jacques |last1=Lacoursière|title=Histoire populaire du Québec: De 1841 à 1896. III|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbrS3bYEzKoC&pg=PP270|year=1996|publisher=Les éditions du Septentrion|isbn=978-2-89448-066-3|page=270}}</ref> The first wave of the expulsion of the Acadians began with the [[Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)]] and the second wave began after the final [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)]]. Many of the Acadians settled in southern [[Louisiana]], creating the [[Cajun]] culture there.<ref name=Jacques>{{cite book|first1=Jacques |last1=Lacoursière|title=Histoire populaire du Québec: De 1841 à 1896. III|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbrS3bYEzKoC&pg=PA270|access-date=May 21, 2013|year=1996|publisher=Les éditions du Septentrion|language=fr|isbn=978-2-89448-066-3|page=270}}</ref> Some Acadians managed to hide and others eventually returned to Nova Scotia, but they were far outnumbered by a new migration of [[New England Planters]] who settled on the former lands of the Acadians and transformed Nova Scotia from a colony of occupation for the British to a settled colony with stronger ties to New England.<ref name=Jacques/> Britain eventually gained control of Quebec City after the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] and the [[Battle of Fort Niagara]] in 1759, and finally [[Montreal Campaign|captured Montreal]] in 1760.<ref name="Fryer1993">{{cite book|first1=Mary |last1=Beacock Fryer|title=More battlefields of Canada|url=https://archive.org/details/morebattlefields0000frye|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.|isbn=978-1-55002-189-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/morebattlefields0000frye/page/161 161]–}}</ref>