Editing Hertford College, Oxford (section)

== Magdalen Hall and the second Hertford College ==

=== Magdalen Hall ===
[[File:Magdalen College Oxford Old Grammar Hall.jpg|thumb|The Old Grammar Hall, Magdalen College, part of the original Magdalen Hall site]]

'''Magdalen Hall''' was founded around 1490 on a site to the west of [[Magdalen College]] and next to Magdalen's [[grammar school]].<ref name="Brockliss">{{cite book |last=Brockliss |first=L. W. B. |date=2016 |title=The University of Oxford: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iMDmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=85 |isbn=9780199243563 }}</ref> The site is now Magdalen's St Swithun's quadrangle. It took the name of an earlier Magdalen Hall in the High Street, which was founded by [[William Waynflete]] in 1448 and then closed on the opening of Magdalen College in 1458.<ref name='magdalenarchives'>{{cite web|url=http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/libraries-and-archives/archives/magdalen-hall/|publisher=Magdalen College, Oxford|title=Magdalen Hall|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> The first master of the grammar school was appointed in 1480, and its original school building was erected in 1486. However, as the hall took independent students as well as those belonging to the college, it quickly became an independent institution under its own principal.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

The hall was known for its adherence to the teachings of [[John Wycliffe]]; [[William Tyndale]], translator of the English Bible and martyr, studied there. Another famous student of the hall was the political philosopher [[Thomas Hobbes]], who came up in either 1601 or 1602. At the [[English Civil War]], Magdalen Hall was known as a [[Puritan]] hall under the principalship of [[Henry Wilkinson (dean)|Henry Wilkinson]].<ref name=Hamilton />{{rp|pp. 100–115}} Famous Puritan graduates include [[Philip Nye]], key adviser to Oliver Cromwell on matters of religion and regulation of the Church. The hall rarely used a badge of arms, but, when it did, it used the same arms as the college.<ref name=Hamilton />{{rp|p. 156}}

At the time of the demise of the first Hertford College, Magdalen College had long been searching for a way of expelling Magdalen Hall in order to expand into its buildings. Before the demise of Hertford, Magdalen College conspired to make its site ready to receive a transplanted Magdalen Hall. The current Lodge of Hertford College thus still bears the arms of Magdalen Hall (and so also of Magdalen College) beside those of Hertford College (and Hart Hall) and the university.<ref name=Hamilton />{{rp|p. 156}}

=== Move to Catte Street {{anchor|Lands of Hertford College Act 1816}}===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Lands of Hertford College Act 1816
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An act to enable His Majesty to grant certain Lands, Tenements and Hereditaments, escheated and devolved to His Majesty by the Dissolution of Hertford College, in the University of Oxford, and the Site of the said College and Buildings thereon, to the Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the said University, in Trust for the Principal and other Members of Magdalen Hall, for the Purpose of their removing to such Site; and to enable the said Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the said University, and the President and Scholars of Saint Mary Magdalen College, to do all necessary Acts for such Removal.
| year                  = 1816
| citation              = [[56 Geo. 3]]. c. 136
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 1 July 1816
| commencement          = 
| expiry_date           = 
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[[File:Hertford College Oxford 20040124.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Entrance building, constructed for Magdalen Hall in the 1820s]]

[[John Macbride (professor)|John Macbride]] became both principal of Magdalen Hall and [[Lord Almoner's Professorship of Arabic (Oxford)|Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic]] in 1813, and plans to move the hall to the site of Hertford College were already afoot. On 15 March 1815, Magdalen College submitted a proposal for the move to [[Convocation]]. Magdalen College proposed to repair the Hertford buildings and defray the expense of Magdalen Hall's move to the site, while the hall were to relinquish claim to their own buildings to Magdalen College. An Act of Parliament was passed supporting the plan, but no move was made until a fire accidentally started by an undergraduate on 9 January 1820 destroyed almost half of Magdalen Hall's buildings. Not long after this, one of Hertford College's buildings on Catte Street, so flimsy that it was known as the 'paper building', collapsed. With this motivation, the new foundation stone of Magdalen Hall was laid at the new site on 3 May 1820, and the hall's migration was complete by 1822. The Catte Street frontage was pulled down and rebuilt, and several buildings had an extra storey added to them. Magdalen Hall expanded to fill the space, and became the largest hall by far, numbering 214 members in 1846. Macbride and his vice-principals were active in building up the refounded Magdalen Hall. To distance the hall from its namesake college, Macbride attempted to change the name to 'Magdalene Hall', but this change was never accepted. Macbride served as principal for 54 years, until his death in 1868. The Macbride Sermon, one of the University Sermons, is preached each [[Hilary term]] in the Chapel of Hertford College in his memory.<ref name=Hamilton />{{rp|pp. 127–138, 156}}

=== Refounding of Hertford College{{anchor|Hertford College Act 1874}} ===
[[File:UK-2014-Oxford-Hertford College 03.jpg|thumb|North-west corner of the Old Quad of Hertford College, showing the spiral staircase to the Hall]]
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Hertford College Act 1874
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act for dissolving Magdalen Hall, in the University of Oxford, and for incorporating the Principal, Fellows, and Scholars of Hertford College; and for vesting in such College the lands and other property now held in trust for the benefit of Magdalen Hall.
| year                  = 1874
| citation              = [[37 & 38 Vict.]] c. 55
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 7 August 1874
| commencement          = 
| expiry_date           = 
| repeal_date           = 
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During John Macbride's principalship it became clear that the growing, energetic Magdalen Hall should be incorporated as a college to match its academic standing in the university. Since the name "Magdalen College" was already taken, the favoured option was the revival of "Hertford College". Macbride was succeeded as principal in 1868 by his vice-principal, [[Richard Michell]], who brought a bill before Parliament in 1873 for the incorporation of Magdalen Hall as Hertford College. The bill received significant financial support from [[Thomas Charles Baring]], then newly elected MP for South Essex. Baring had been a Fellow of [[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose College]], and had offered a substantial endowment of fellowships and scholarships to that college, but it had been refused, because Brasenose rejected his conditions of restricting the funds to members of the Church of England. However, to ease the passage of the bill, Baring removed his condition to the first instalment of the endowment (subsequent instalments were restricted), and Magdalen Hall was incorporated as "the Principal, Fellows, and Scholars of Hertford College" (''Principalis, Socii, et Scholastici Collegii Hertfordiensis'') on 7 August 1874. Thus, Michell became the last principal of Magdalen Hall and the first principal of the refounded Hertford College.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Baring bought a house across New College Lane from the college to serve as fellows' lodgings (at some point the house was named Clarendon House), which was the first move of the college onto the northern side of New College Lane. That was soon followed by the purchase of other houses on that side of the road, which were collectively known as ''Ædes'', and the old Chapel of Our Lady at Smithgate, which is now the Octagon, housing the [[Common Room (university)|Middle Common Room]]. Also during that period, a gatehouse was built on the Catte Street frontage and the old doors were reinstalled there. A new dining hall was built above the gatehouse, and much of the northern side of the Old Quadrangle, apart from Old Hall, was rebuilt.<ref name=Hamilton />{{rp|pp. 139–149}}

[[File:1 oxford bridge of sighs 2012.jpg|thumb|left|Bridge of Sighs]]

In 1877, [[Henry Boyd (academic)|Henry Boyd]] succeeded Michell, becoming the second principal of the refounded Hertford College. His energy, good connections and longevity created the modern college as it is today. Boyd's name appears carved on the landmark Bridge of Sighs, and he is commemorated by a memorial in the Chapel (to the left of the [[chancel]]) and a portrait in the Hall (at the west end of [[High Table]]). Boyd's partnership with the architect [[Thomas Graham Jackson]] brought about the expansion of the college and its endowment with its iconic "Anglo-Jackson" buildings. In 1887, Jackson began work on the Gatehouse, the Hall and its spiral staircase, and the north range of the Old Quad. In 1901, Jackson started building the college's site on the northern side of New College Lane. By 1908, he had completed a new Chapel, which he declared to be his favourite work. Eventually, after much opposition, he built the Bridge of Sighs, linking the Old and New Quads across New College Lane  in 1913.<ref name=Goudie>{{cite book|editor-last=Goudie|editor-first=Andrew|title=Seven Hundred Years of an Oxford College: Hertford College, 1284–1984|orig-year=1984|edition=2nd|year=1999|location=Hertford College, Oxford|page=70}}</ref>

In the two [[world war]]s, a total of 171 members of Hertford College died. Those of [[World War I]] are commemorated by a memorial on the south wall of the chancel in the Chapel, while those of [[World War II]] are remembered in a memorial in the portico, to the right of the Chapel door. Notable among them is Major Percy Nugent FitzPatrick, son of [[James Percy FitzPatrick]], who was killed near [[Cambrai]] on 14 December 1917. It was with the death of his son that James Percy FitzPatrick made the suggestion, after the war's end, to keep a [[two-minute silence]] each year on [[Armistice Day]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/ross/opercy.html |title=South African Military History Society - Lectures - The other Percy Fitzpatrick |website=samilitaryhistory.org}}</ref>

[[File:Oxford City Birdseye Hertford Marked.jpg|thumb|300px|Aerial photograph of Oxford with Hertford College marked: showing the 3 quads (Old Buildings, New Buildings and Holywell), the Chapel, Hall, Bridge and Octagon]]

In 1922, the novelist [[Evelyn Waugh]] came up to Hertford, famously feuding with his history tutor [[C. R. M. F. Cruttwell]] (who was to become the fourth principal of the refounded college, 1930–1939), and later naming a number of odious characters after him. Waugh wrote of his time at Hertford, "I do no work here and never go to Chapel". He novelised his time at Oxford in ''[[Brideshead Revisited]]'', having his [[protagonist]] Charles Ryder at Hertford.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Starting from 1965, Hertford made a special effort to encourage applicants from [[state schools]] through the ''Hertford Scheme'', established by Physics Fellow Neil Tanner, under which candidates were interviewed early, outside the standard application process, and could be offered a place at the college without having to sit the university entrance exam.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hertford.ox.ac.uk/alumni/hertford-today/neil-tanner-and-the-tanner-scheme |title=Neil Tanner and the Tanner Scheme - Hertford College {{!}} University of Oxford |work=Hertford College {{!}} University of Oxford |access-date=2018-07-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref> That had the effect of dramatically raising academic standards within the college, and other colleges introduced similar initiatives.<!--http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JrPjAyfdfBMC&pg=PA91&lpg=PA91&dq=%22unconditional+offer+scheme%22+hertford&source=bl&ots=g-2-afplpg&sig=C-xrKXQmVd0V4C83BdczrZIoC2Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=M1ZSU9SROsrC7Aa04oHoBA&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22unconditional%20offer%20scheme%22%20hertford&f=false http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vZlrIG-HT1AC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=%22unconditional+offer+scheme%22+hertford&source=bl&ots=ZFV5esbHJB&sig=LJFGxHUEQpk9nDGLtpp1hQeiarg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=M1ZSU9SROsrC7Aa04oHoBA&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22unconditional%20offer%20scheme%22%20hertford&f=false --> Today, around 70% of undergraduate students at the college come from UK state schools.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hertford.ox.ac.uk/alumni/hertford-statistics |title=Hertford statistics - Hertford College {{!}} University of Oxford |work=Hertford College {{!}} University of Oxford |access-date=2018-07-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The percentage of individuals from state schools (out of all UK applicants/students) is higher than at most Oxford colleges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/facts_and_figures/undergraduate_admissions_statistics/school_type.html#acolleges_and_school_type |title= School type - University of Oxford|website=www.ox.ac.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802013322/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/facts_and_figures/undergraduate_admissions_statistics/school_type.html |archive-date=2 August 2013}}</ref> The commitment to diversity is in keeping with Hertford's earlier history of openness: in 1907 Hertford admitted the first African-American [[Rhodes Scholar]], [[Alain Leroy Locke]], after he had been refused by several other colleges.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

[[Geoffrey Warnock]] served as the 9th Principal of the refounded college from 1971 until 1988. He presided over the latest period of growth, and established the college's leftist credentials. In 1974, Hertford became one of the first five [[co-educational]] colleges in the university (the others being [[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose]], [[Jesus College, Oxford|Jesus College]], [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's]], and [[Wadham College, Oxford|Wadham]]).<ref name="Women_at_Oxford">{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/women-at-oxford |title=Women at Oxford |publisher=[[University of Oxford]] |access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref> The college now has an almost equal gender balance, with slight variations from year to year. In memory of Warnock, the college named a student-accommodation building near [[Folly Bridge]] after him. He also has a memorial in the Chapel, and a portrait behind High Table in the Hall.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}