Editing Herman Melville (section)

== 1839–1844: Years at sea ==
[[File:Richard Tobias Greene.jpg|thumb|alt=|Richard Tobias Greene, who jumped ship with Melville in the [[Marquesas Islands]] and is Toby in ''[[Typee]]'', pictured in 1846]]
 [[File:Melville's Desertion from the Acushnet.png|thumb|Melville's desertion from the ''Acushnet'' in 1842]]
On May 31, 1839, Gansevoort, then living in New York City, wrote that he was sure Herman could get a job on a whaler or merchant vessel.{{sfnp|Parker|1996|p=143|ps=none}} The next day, he signed aboard the merchant ship ''St. Lawrence'' as a "boy" (a [[Green hand (whaling)|green hand]]), which cruised from New York to Liverpool.{{sfnp|Olsen-Smith|2015|p=xliv|ps=none}} ''[[Redburn|Redburn: His First Voyage]]'' (1849) draws on his experiences in this journey; at least two of the nine guide-books listed in chapter 30 of the book had been part of Allan Melvill's library.{{sfnp|Sealts|1988|p=16|ps=none}} He arrived back in New York October 1, 1839{{sfnp|Olsen-Smith|2015|p=xliv|ps=none}} and resumed teaching, now at Greenbush, New York, but left after one term because he had not been paid. In the summer of 1840 he and his friend James Murdock Fly went to Galena, Illinois, to see if his Uncle Thomas could help them find work. Unsuccessful, he and his friend returned home in autumn, likely by way of St. Louis and up the Ohio River.{{sfnp|Parker|1996|pp=176–178|ps=none}}

Inspired by contemporaneous popular cultural reading, including [[Richard Henry Dana Jr.]]'s new book ''[[Two Years Before the Mast]]'' and [[Jeremiah N. Reynolds]]'s account in the May 1839 issue of ''[[The Knickerbocker]]'' magazine of the hunt for a great white sperm whale named [[Mocha Dick]], Herman and Gansevoort traveled to New Bedford, where Herman signed up for a whaling voyage aboard a new ship, the ''Acushnet''.{{sfnp|Parker|1996|p=181|ps=none}} Built in 1840, the ship measured some 104 feet in length, almost {{convert|28|ft}} in breadth, and almost 14 feet in depth. She measured slightly less than 360 tons and had two decks and three masts, but no [[quarter gallery|quarter galleries]].{{sfnp|Parker|1996|p=185|ps=none}} The ''Acushnet'' was owned by Melvin O. Bradford and Philemon Fuller of [[Fairhaven, Massachusetts]], and was berthed near their office at the foot of Center Street in that town. Herman signed a contract on Christmas Day with the ship's agent as a "green hand" for 1/175th of whatever profits the voyage would yield. On Sunday the 27th, the brothers heard Reverend [[Enoch Mudge]] preach at the [[Seamen's Bethel]] on Johnnycake Hill, where white marble [[cenotaphs]] on the walls memorialized local sailors who had died at sea, often in battle with whales.{{sfnp|Parker|1996|p=184|ps=none}} When he signed the crew list the next day, Herman was advanced $84.{{sfnp|Parker|1996|p=185|ps=none}}

On January 3, 1841, the ''Acushnet'' set sail.{{sfnp|Parker|1996|p=185|ps=none}}{{refn|On the surviving list of ''Acushnet'' crewmembers, Melville's name can be seen sixth counting from below: [https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Civ07kHWUAAYT4h.jpg:large Original list of ''Acushnet'' crewmembers]|group=lower-alpha}} Melville slept with some twenty others in the [[forecastle]]; Captain Valentine Pease, the mates, and the skilled men slept [[aft]].{{sfnp|Parker|1996|p=187|ps=none}} Whales were found near The Bahamas, and in March 150 barrels of oil were sent home from Rio de Janeiro. Cutting in and trying-out (boiling) a single whale took about three days, and a whale yielded approximately one barrel of oil per foot of length and per ton of weight (the average whale weighed 40 to 60 tons). The oil was kept on deck for a day to cool off, and was then stowed down; scrubbing the deck completed the labor. An average voyage meant that some forty whales were killed to yield some 1600 barrels of oil.{{sfnp|Parker|1996|pp=190–191|ps=none}}

On April 15, the ''Acushnet'' sailed around Cape Horn and traveled to the South Pacific, where the crew sighted whales without catching any. She then went up the coast of Chile to the region of [[Alejandro Selkirk Island|Selkirk Island]], and on May 7, near [[Juan Fernández Islands]], she had 160 barrels. On June 23, the ship anchored for the first time since Rio, in Santa Harbor.{{sfnp|Parker|1996|p=193|ps=none}} The cruising grounds the ''Acushnet'' was sailing attracted much traffic, and Captain Pease not only paused to visit other whalers, but at times hunted in company with them.{{sfnp|Parker|1996|p=194|ps=none}} From July 23 into August, the ''Acushnet'' regularly [[Gam (nautical term)|gammed]] with the ''Lima'' from Nantucket, and Melville met William Henry Chase, the son of [[Owen Chase]], who gave him a copy of his father's account of his adventures aboard the ''[[Essex (whaleship)|Essex]]''.{{sfnp|Parker|1996|pp=196–199|ps=none}} Ten years later, Melville wrote in his other copy of the book: "The reading of this wondrous story upon the landless sea, & close to the very latitude of the shipwreck had a surprising effect upon me".<ref>Quoted in {{harvp|Parker|1996|p=196}}</ref>

On September 25, the ship reported having 600 barrels of oil to another whaler, and in October 700 barrels.{{refn|This number is either what she was carrying or the total number since the voyage began (Parker, 1996), 200.|group=lower-alpha}} On October 24, the ''Acushnet'' crossed the equator to the north, and six or seven days later arrived at the Galápagos Islands. This short visit would be the basis for "[[The Encantadas]]".{{sfnp|Parker|1996|pp=200–201|ps=none}} On November 2, the ''Acushnet'' and three other American whalers were hunting together near the Galápagos Islands; Melville later exaggerated that number in Sketch Fourth of "The Encantadas". From November 19 to 25, the ship anchored at Chatham's Isle,{{sfnp|Parker|1996|p=201|ps=none}} and on December 2 reached the coast of Peru and anchored at Tombez near [[Paita]], with 570 barrels of oil on board.{{sfnp|Parker|1996|p=202|ps=none}} On December 27, the ''Acushnet'' sighted Cape Blanco, off Ecuador. Point St. Elena was sighted the next day, and on January 6, 1842, the ship approached the Galápagos Islands from the southeast. From February 13 to May 7,{{clarify|date=May 2021|reason=Was it February 13 to May 7, or February 7 to May 13?}} seven sightings of sperm whales were recorded, but none were killed.{{sfnp|Parker|1996|p=204|ps=none}} From early May to early June, the ''Acushnet'' cooperatively set about its whaling endeavors several times with the ''Columbus'' of New Bedford, which also took letters from Melville's ship; the two ships were in the same area just south of the Equator. On June 16, the ''Acushnet'' carried 750 barrels of oil and sent home 200 on the ''Herald the Second'',{{sfnp|Parker|1996|p=205|ps=none}} and, on June 23, she reached the Marquesas Islands and anchored at [[Nuku Hiva]].{{sfnp|Parker|1996|pp=210–211|ps=none}}

In the summer of 1842, Melville and his shipmate Richard Tobias Greene ("Toby") jumped ship at Nuku Hiva Bay.{{sfnp|Levine|2014|p=xvi|ps=none}} Melville's first book, ''[[Typee]]'' (1846), is based on his stay in or near the [[Tai Pi (province)|Taipi Valley]].{{sfnp|Bercaw Edwards|2009| p = 41|ps=none}} By around mid-August, Melville had left the island aboard the Australian whaler [[Lucy Ann (1810 ship)|''Lucy Ann'']], bound for [[Tahiti]], where he took part in a mutiny and was briefly jailed in the native ''Calabooza Beretanee''.{{sfnp|Levine|2014|p=xvi|ps=none}} In October, he and crew mate John B. Troy escaped Tahiti for [[Mo'orea|Eimeo]].{{sfnp|Olsen-Smith|2015|p=xliv|ps=none}} He then spent a month as [[Beachcombing|beachcomber]] and island rover ("omoo" in Tahitian), eventually crossing over to [[Moorea]]. He drew on these experiences for ''[[Omoo]]'', the sequel to ''Typee''. In November, he contracted to be a seaman on the Nantucket whaler ''Charles & Henry'' for a six-month cruise (November 1842 – April 1843), and was discharged at [[Lahaina, Hawaii|Lahaina]], [[Maui]], in the [[Hawaiian Islands]], in May 1843.{{sfnp|Olsen-Smith|2015|p=xliv|ps=none}}{{sfnp|Levine|2014|p=xvi|ps=none}}

After four months of working several jobs in Hawaii, including as a clerk, Melville joined the U.S. Navy on August 20, as an ordinary seaman on the [[frigate]] {{USS|United States|1797|6}}.{{sfnp|Levine|2014|p=xvi|ps=none}} During the next year, the homeward bound ship visited the Marquesas Islands, Tahiti, and Valparaiso, and then, from summer to fall 1844, Mazatlan, Lima, and Rio de Janeiro,{{sfnp|Olsen-Smith|2015|p=xliv|ps=none}} before reaching Boston on October 3.{{sfnp|Levine|2014|p=xvi|ps=none}} Melville was discharged on October 14.{{sfnp|Olsen-Smith|2015|p=xliv|ps=none}} This Navy experience is used in ''[[White-Jacket]]'' (1850), Melville's fifth book.{{sfnp|Robertson-Lorant|1996|p=209|ps=none}}

Melville's wander-years created what biographer Arvin calls "a settled hatred of external authority, a lust for personal freedom", and a "growing and intensifying sense of his own exceptionalism as a person", along with "the resentful sense that circumstance and mankind together had already imposed their will upon him in a series of injurious ways".<ref>{{Cite web |last=sharma |first=Umesh |date=2024-02-01 |title=Best 100+ Inspirational Quotes To Give You Strenght |url=https://everydayshayari.com/best-100-inspirational-quotes-to-give-you-strenght/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=everydayshayari.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <!-- Neither these phrases or the words can be found in Arvin (1950) or an article "Enviable Isles" (which is a poem in John Marr 1888 -->Scholar Robert Milder believes the encounter with the wide ocean, where he was seemingly abandoned by God, led Melville to experience a "metaphysical estrangement" and influenced his social views in two ways: first, that he belonged to the genteel classes, but sympathized with the "disinherited commons" he had been placed among and, second, that experiencing the cultures of Polynesia let him view the West from an outsider's perspective.{{sfnp|Milder|1988|p=430|ps=none}}