Editing Herbert A. Simon (section)

===Artificial intelligence===
Simon was a pioneer in the field of [[artificial intelligence]], creating with [[Allen Newell]] the [[Logic Theorist|Logic Theory Machine]] (1956) and the [[General Problem Solver]] (GPS) (1957) programs. GPS may possibly be the first method developed for separating problem solving strategy from information about particular problems. Both programs were developed using the [[Information Processing Language]] (IPL) (1956) developed by Newell, [[Cliff Shaw]], and Simon. [[Donald Knuth]] mentions the development of list processing in IPL, with the [[linked list]] originally called "NSS memory" for its inventors.<ref>Volume 1 of ''[[The Art of Computer Programming]]''</ref> In 1957, Simon predicted that [[computer chess]] would surpass human chess abilities within "ten years" when, in reality, that transition took about forty years.<ref>[http://www.ddj.com/hpc-high-performance-computing/184405171 Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI] October 30, 2002</ref> He also predicted in 1965 that "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do."<ref>
[https://quoteinvestigator.com/2020/11/11/ai-can-do/ Machines Will Be Capable, Within Twenty Years, of Doing Any Work That a Man Can Do]</ref>

In the early 1960s psychologist [[Ulric Neisser]] asserted that while machines are capable of replicating "cold cognition" behaviors such as reasoning, planning, perceiving, and deciding, they would never be able to replicate "[[hot cognition]]" behaviors such as pain, pleasure, desire, and other emotions. Simon responded to Neisser's views in 1963 by writing a paper on emotional cognition,<ref>Herbert A. Simon, [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=346072 ''A Theory of Emotional Behavior''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227112458/http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=346072 |date=December 27, 2013 }}. Carnegie Mellon University Complex Information Processing (CIP) Working Paper #55, June 1, 1963.</ref> which he updated in 1967 and published in ''Psychological Review''.<ref>Herbert A. Simon, [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=34512 "Motivational and Emotional Controls of Cognition"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227115607/http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=34512 |date=December 27, 2013 }}. ''Psychological Review'', 1967, Vol. 74, No. 1, 29-39.</ref> Simon's work on emotional cognition was largely ignored by the artificial intelligence research community for several years, but subsequent work on emotions by [[Aaron Sloman|Sloman]] and [[Rosalind Picard|Picard]] helped refocus attention on Simon's paper and eventually, made it highly influential on the topic.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

Simon also collaborated with [[James G. March]] on several works in [[organization theory]].<ref name=edward2001/>

With [[Allen Newell]], Simon developed a [[theory]] for the [[simulation]] of human [[problem solving]] behavior using production rules.<ref>Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon, ''Human Problem Solving'', 1972</ref> The study of human [[problem solving]] required new kinds of human measurements and, with [[Anders Ericsson]], Simon developed the experimental technique of verbal protocol analysis.<ref>K. A. Ericsson and H. A. Simon, ''Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data'', 1993</ref> Simon was interested in the role of knowledge in expertise. He said that to become an expert on a topic required about ten years of experience and he and colleagues estimated that expertise was the result of learning roughly 50,000 [[chunking (psychology)|chunks]] of information. A [[chess]] [[expert]] was said to have learned about 50,000 chunks or chess position patterns.<ref>Chase and Simon. "Perception in Chess". ''[[Cognitive Psychology]]'' Volume 4, 1973</ref>

He was awarded the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Turing Award]], along with [[Allen Newell]], in 1975. "In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially in collaboration with [[Cliff Shaw|J. C. (Cliff) Shaw]] at the [[RAND Corporation]], and {{Sic|nolink=y|subsequent|ially|expected=subsequently}} with numerous faculty and student colleagues at [[Carnegie Mellon University]], they have made basic contributions to [[artificial intelligence]], the psychology of human cognition, and list processing."<ref name =amturing/>