Editing Hemiparesis (section)

==Causes==
The most common cause of hemiparesis and hemiplegia is [[stroke]]. Strokes can cause a variety of movement disorders, depending on the location and severity of the [[lesion]]. Hemiplegia is common when the stroke affects the [[corticospinal tract]]. Other causes of hemiplegia include [[spinal cord injury]], specifically [[Brown-Séquard syndrome]], [[traumatic brain injury]], or disease affecting the [[brain]]. A permanent brain injury that occurs during the intrauterine life, during delivery or early in life can lead to hemiplegic [[cerebral palsy]]. As a [[lesion]] that results in hemiplegia occurs in the brain or spinal cord, hemiplegic muscles display features of the [[upper motor neuron syndrome]]. Features other than weakness include decreased movement control, [[clonus]] (a series of involuntary rapid muscle contractions), [[spasticity]], exaggerated deep tendon reflexes and decreased endurance.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

The incidence of hemiplegia is much higher in premature babies than term babies. There is also a high incidence of hemiplegia during [[pregnancy]] and experts believe that this may be related to either a traumatic delivery, use of [[forceps]] or some event which causes brain injury.<ref>{{cite web | title = hemiplegia in children | work = Children's Hemiplegia and Stroke Association (CHASA) | url = http://www.chasa.org/hemiplegia.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204172129/http://www.chasa.org/hemiplegia.htm | archive-date = February 4, 2012 }}</ref> There is tentative evidence of an association with undiagnosed [[celiac disease]] and improvement after withdrawal of [[gluten]] from the diet.<ref name="ShapiroBlanco2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shapiro M, Blanco DA | title = Neurological Complications of Gastrointestinal Disease | journal = Seminars in Pediatric Neurology | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–53 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28779865 | doi = 10.1016/j.spen.2017.02.001 | type = Review }}</ref>

Other causes of hemiplegia in adults include [[physical trauma|trauma]], [[bleeding]], brain [[infection]]s and [[cancer]]s. Individuals who have uncontrolled [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[hypertension]] or those who smoke have a higher chance of developing a stroke.  Weakness on one side of the face may occur and may be due to a viral infection, stroke or a cancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hemihelp.org.uk/hemiplegia/what_is_hemiplegia |title=What is hemiplegia? &#124; HemiHelp: for children and young people with hemiplegia (hemiparesis) |publisher=HemiHelp |access-date=2013-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305060120/http://www.hemihelp.org.uk/hemiplegia/what_is_hemiplegia |archive-date=2013-03-05 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

===Common causes===
* '''Vascular''': [[cerebral hemorrhage]], [[stroke]], [[cerebral palsy]]
* '''Infective''': [[encephalitis]], [[meningitis]], [[brain abscess]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[spinal epidural abscess]], [[COVID-19]]
* '''Neoplastic''': [[glioma]], [[meningioma]], [[brain tumors]], [[spinal cord tumors]]
* '''Demyelination''': [[multiple sclerosis]], [[disseminated sclerosis]], [[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis|ADEM]], [[neuromyelitis optica]]
* '''Traumatic''': cerebral lacerations, [[subdural hematoma]], [[epidural hematoma]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[vertebral compression fracture]]
* '''Iatrogenic''': local anaesthetic injections given intra-arterially rapidly, instead of given in a nerve branch.
* '''Ictal''': [[seizure]], [[Todd's paralysis]]
* '''Congenital''': [[cerebral palsy]], Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID)
* '''Degenerative''': [[ALS]], [[corticobasal degeneration]]
* '''Parasomnia''': [[sleep paralysis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakesidepress.com/pulmonary/Sleep/sleep-paralysis.htm | title = I was awake -- and could not move! | quote =Sleep paralysis, parasomnia, sleep apnea, sleep eat, parasomnias, paresthesias, dysesthesias, obstructive sleep apnea, REM, Stage 1, Sinemet narcolepsy, insomnia, cataplexy, benzodiazepines, opioids, sleepiness, sleep walking, daytime sleepiness, upper airway, CPAP, hypoxemia, UVVP, uvula, Somnoplasty, obesity, airway obstruction, EEG, electroencephalogram, Klonopine, night terrors, bruxism, parasomnias, EMG, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, BiPAP, sleep efficiency | vauthors = Martin L | date = 2009 |publisher=Lakesidepress.com |access-date=2013-03-08}}</ref>