Editing Hazaras (section)

=== 20th and 21st century ===
{{Tone|section|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Abdul Khaliq.jpg|thumb|225x225px|[[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (assassin)|Abdul Khaliq]], a school student, assassinated King [[Nadir Shah (Afghanistan)|Nadir Shah]] of Afghanistan]]
In 1901, [[Habibullah Khan]], Abdur Rahman's eldest son and successor, granted amnesty to the Hazaras and invited those exiled by his predecessor to return. However, few returned, settling instead in [[Afghan Turkestan|Turkistan]] and [[Balkh province]], as they had lost their previous lands. The Hazaras continued to face social, economic, and political [[discrimination]] throughout most of the 20th century. In 1933, [[Muhammad Nadir Shah]], the [[King of Afghanistan]], was assassinated by [[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (assassin)|Abdul Khaliq Hazara]], a [[school student]]. The [[Afghan government]] later captured and executed him, along with several of his family members.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Runion |first=Meredith L. |title=The History of Afghanistan, 2nd edition |publisher=ABC-CLIO-LLC |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61069-778-1 |page=124}}</ref>

Mistrust of the central government among the Hazaras and local uprisings persisted. In particular, from 1945 to 1946, during [[Zahir Shah]]'s rule, a [[1945 Hazara Rebellion|revolt]] led by [[Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (Hazara leader)|Ibrahim Khan]], known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar," erupted in response to new taxes that were imposed exclusively on the Hazaras. Meanwhile, the [[Kuchis]] were not only exempted from these taxes but also received allowances from the Afghan government.<ref name="Monsutti" /> The angry rebels began capturing and killing government officials. In response, the central government sent a force to subdue the region and subsequently removed the taxes.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
[[File:ابراهیم گاوسوار.jpg|thumb|305x305px|[[Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (Hazara leader)|Ibrahim Khan]], known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar", the leader of an armed Hazara uprising against excessive taxation during [[Zahir Shah]]'s rule]]
[[File:Mazari.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Abdul Ali Mazari]], the leader of Hazaras during and following the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]]]

The repressive policies{{clarify|date=April 2022}} of the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] (PDPA) after the [[Saur Revolution]] in 1978 led to uprisings throughout the country. Fearing Iranian influence, the Hazaras were particularly persecuted. In October 1979, President [[Hafizullah Amin]] published a list of 12,000 victims of the [[Nur Muhammad Taraki|Taraki government]], among whom were 7,000 Hazaras who had been shot in the notorious [[Pul-e-Charkhi prison]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dorronsoro |first=Gilles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FApipiENsgwC&pg=PA104 |title=Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present |date=2005 |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=1-85065-703-3 |location=London |page=104}}</ref>

During the [[Soviet-Afghan War]], the Hazarajat region did not experience as much heavy fighting as other parts of Afghanistan. Most of the Hazara [[Afghan mujahideen|mujahideen]] engaged in combat against the Soviets in regions on the periphery of Hazarajat. There was a division between the [[Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara]], a party based in Quetta comprising Hazara nationalists and secular intellectuals, and the [[Islamist]] parties in Hazarajat.<ref name="Monsutti" /> By 1979, the Hazara Islamist groups had already liberated Hazarajat from the central [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Soviet-backed Afghan government]] and subsequently took full control of the region away from the secularists. By 1984, the Islamist dominance in Hazarajat was complete. As the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the Islamist groups recognized the need to broaden their political appeal and shifted their focus toward [[Hazara nationalism]].<ref name="Monsutti" /> This shift led to the establishment of [[Hizbe-Wahdat]], an alliance of all Hazara resistance groups, except for [[Harakat-e Islami]]. 

In 1992, with the fall of [[Kabul]], Harakat-e Islami sided with [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]'s government, while Hizb-e Wahdat aligned with the opposition. Hizb-e Wahdat was eventually forced out of Kabul in 1995 when the [[Taliban]] captured the city and killed their leader, [[Abdul Ali Mazari]]. Following the Taliban's capture of Kabul in 1996, all Hazara groups united with the [[United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan|Northern Alliance]] against this common enemy. However, despite fierce resistance, Hazarajat fell to the Taliban in 1998. The Taliban isolated Hazarajat from the rest of the world, even preventing the [[United Nations]] from delivering food to the provinces of [[Bamyan Province|Bamyan]], [[Ghor Province|Ghor]], [[Maidan Wardak Province|Maidan Wardak]], and [[Daikundi Province|Daikundi]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rashid |first=Ahmed |author-link=Ahmed Rashid |url=https://archive.org/details/talibanmilitant000rash |title=Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia |date=1 March 2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-08902-8 |edition=Paperback |location=New Haven, CT |url-access=registration}}</ref>

In 1997, a revolt broke out among the Hazaras in Mazar-e Sharif when they refused to be disarmed by the Taliban, resulting in the deaths of 600 Taliban fighters in the subsequent fighting.<ref>Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, p. 58</ref> In retaliation, the Taliban adopted the genocidal policies reminiscent of [[Abdur Rahman Khan]]'s era. In 1998, six thousand Hazaras were killed in the north, with the intent of carrying out ethnic cleansing against the Hazara population.<ref>Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, pp. 67–74</ref> In March 2001, the two giant [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]] were destroyed, despite widespread international condemnation.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 March 2001 |title=Taliban blow apart 2,000 years of Buddhist history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/mar/03/afghanistan.lukeharding |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

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[[File:Qazi Muhammad Isa.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Qazi Muhammad Isa]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]]'s close associate and a key figure of the All-India Muslim League in Balochistan, Pakistan]]
Hazaras have also played a significant role in the creation of [[Pakistan]]. One notable Hazara was [[Qazi Muhammad Isa]] of the [[Sheikh Ali (Hazara tribe)|Sheikh Ali tribe]], who was a close friend of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]; they met for the first time while studying in London. Qazi Muhammad Isa was the first person from his native province of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] to obtain a Bar-at-Law degree and played a key role in establishing the [[All-India Muslim League]] in Balochistan.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 June 2020 |title=Who is Justice Qazi Faez Isa? |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1486499 |website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 June 2020 |title=Qazi Muhammad Isa and the reference against Justice Qazi Faez Isa |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/626799/qazi-muhammad-isa-and-the-reference-against-justice-qazi-faez-isa/}}</ref>

Though Hazaras played a role in the anti-Soviet movement, some Hazaras also participated in the new communist government, which actively courted Afghan minorities. [[Sultan Ali Kishtmand]], a Hazara, served as the Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1981 to 1990, with a brief interruption in 1988.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fida Yunas |first1=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5i5WAAAAYAAJ&q=sultan |title=Pg 33. ''Sultan Ali Kishtmand had remained Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 10 January 1981 to 26 May 1990, with a brief break of about nine months, when Dr Hassan Sharq replaced him from 20 June 1988 to ...'' |year=2008 |access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> The Ismaili Hazaras of Baghlan Province likewise supported the communists, and their ''pir'' (religious leader), [[Jaffar Naderi]], led a pro-Communist militia in the region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Brian Glyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYtXJhByzoEC&q=naderi+hazara&pg=PA37 |title=Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War&nbsp;– Brian Glyn Williams&nbsp;– Google Books |date=22 September 2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0615-9 |access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Daykundi Province A Model For Peace Reintegration Program.jpg|thumb|250x250px|A Hazara boy and an Australian soldier in [[Daikundi Province|Daikundi]].]]
During the following years, the Hazaras suffered severe oppression, and numerous ethnic massacres, genocides, and pogroms were carried out by the predominantly Pashtun Taliban. These events have been documented by organizations such as [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref>{{cite web |date=February 2001 |title=Afghanistan: massacres of Hazaras |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghanistan/ |access-date=27 December 2007 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>
Following the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] in the [[United States]], [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|American and Coalition forces invaded Afghanistan]]. After the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|fall of the Taliban]], many Hazaras emerged as important figures in the country.<ref name="ngm">{{cite magazine |last=Larson |first=Marisa |date=17 June 2008 |title=Hazara People |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/geopedia/Hazara_People |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302170049/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/geopedia/Hazara_People |archive-date=2 March 2008 |access-date=9 August 2012 |magazine=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]}}</ref> Hazaras pursued higher education, enrolled in the [[Afghan National Army|army]], and held various top government positions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sappenfield |first=Mark |date=6 August 2007 |title=Afghanistan's success story: The liberated Hazara minority |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0806/p06s02-wosc.html?page=2 |journal=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=27 December 2007}}</ref> Notable Hazaras in leadership roles included [[Vice President of Afghanistan|Vice Presidents]], [[Cabinet of Afghanistan|ministers]], and [[list of current governors of Afghanistan|governors]], such as [[Karim Khalili]], [[Sarwar Danish]], [[Sima Samar]], [[Muhammad Mohaqiq]], [[Habiba Sarābi]], [[Abdul Haq Shafaq]], [[Sayed Anwar Rahmati]], [[Qurban Ali Urozgani]], [[Muhammad Arif Shah Jahan]], [[Mahmoud Baligh]], [[Sayyed Mohammad Eqbal Munib|Mohammad Eqbal Munib]], and [[Mohammad Asim Asim]]. [[Azra Jafari]], the mayor of [[Nili, Daikundi]], became the first female mayor in Afghanistan. Other notable Hazaras include [[Sultan Ali Keshtmand]], [[Abdul Wahed Sarābi]], [[Akram Yari]], [[Ghulam Ali Wahdat]], [[Sayed Mustafa Kazemi]], [[Ghulam Husain Naseri]], [[Abbas Noyan]], [[Daoud Naji]], [[Abbas Ibrahim Zada]], [[Ramazan Bashardost]], [[Ahmad Shah Ramazan]], [[Ahmad Behzad]], [[Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili]], [[Fahim Hashimi]], [[Maryam Monsef]], and others.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 January 2011 |title=Many Karzai rivals find way to Parliament |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/01/22/many-karzai-rivals-find-way-parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313035046/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/01/22/many-karzai-rivals-find-way-parliament |archive-date=13 March 2012 |access-date=30 July 2012 |publisher=Pajhwok.com}}</ref>

Although Afghanistan has historically been one of the poorest countries in the world, the Hazarajat region has remained underdeveloped due to past government neglect. Since the ousting of the Taliban in late 2001, billions of dollars have been invested in Afghanistan for reconstruction, and several large-scale projects began in August 2012. For instance, more than 5,000 kilometers of road pavement have been completed across the country, with little done in central Afghanistan (Hazarajat). Conversely, the [[Band-e Amir]] in [[Bamyan Province]] became the first [[national park]] in Afghanistan. A road from Kabul to [[Bamyan]] was also constructed, along with new police stations, government institutions, hospitals, and schools in [[Bamyan Province|Bamyan]], [[Daikundi Province|Daikundi]], and other provinces predominantly inhabited by Hazaras. Additionally, the first [[ski resort]] in Afghanistan was established in Bamyan Province.<ref>{{cite web |title=(27 February 2012) Afghanistan set to host second national ski race. wanderlust.co.uk |url=http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/news/afghanistan-hosts-second-national-ski-race |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053617/http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/news/afghanistan-hosts-second-national-ski-race |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=30 October 2017 |website=Wanderlust.co.uk }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Levinson |first=Charles |date=7 March 2012 |title=Since Skiing Came to Afghanistan, It Has Been Pretty Much All Downhill |url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203458604577263343870606130.html |newspaper=Wall Street Journal}}</ref>
Discrimination is evident in the treatment of [[Kuchis]] (Pashtun nomads who historically migrate from region to region depending on the season), who are allowed to use the pastures of Hazarajat during the summer months. It is believed that this practice began during the rule of Abdur Rahman Khan.<ref name="Bangkok Post-2012">{{cite news |date=7 August 2012 |title=Afghan nomad clashes raise fears of ethnic strife |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/306419/afghan-nomad-clashes-raise-fears-of-ethnic-strife |work=Bangkok Post |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> Living in mountainous Hazarajat, where arable farmland is scarce, the Hazara people rely on these pasture lands for their livelihood during the long and harsh winters. In 2007, some Kuchi nomads entered parts of Hazarajat to graze their livestock. When the local Hazaras resisted, a clash ensued, resulting in several deaths on both sides from gunfire. Such events continue to occur, even after the central government, including President [[Hamid Karzai]], was compelled to intervene. In late July 2012, a Hazara police commander in Uruzgan Province reportedly rounded up and killed nine Pashtun civilians in retaliation for the deaths of two local Hazaras. The Afghan government is currently investigating this matter.<ref name="Bangkok Post-2012" />
[[File:Hazara women protest terrorist attack on students after Kabul bombing.jpg|thumb|Hazara Women Condemn [[September 2022 Kabul school bombing]]|260x260px]]
President Hamid Karzai's efforts after the [[Afghan Peace Jirga 2010|Peace Jirga]] to negotiate a deal with Taliban leaders caused deep unease among Afghanistan's minority communities, who had fought the Taliban the longest and suffered the most during their rule. Leaders of the [[Tajiks|Tajik]], [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]], and Hazara communities vowed to resist any return of the Taliban to power, recalling the large-scale massacres of Hazara civilians during the Taliban's previous rule.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/world/asia/27afghan.html "Afghan Overture to Taliban Aggravates Ethnic Tensions".] ''[[The New York Times]]'', 27 June 2010.</ref> The [[2021 Kabul school bombing]] targeted a girls' school in [[Dashte Barchi]], a predominantly Hazara area in western [[Kabul]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 May 2021 |title=Death toll rises to 85 in Afghanistan girls' school bomb attack |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/05/09/asia/afghanistan-girls-school-attack-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN}}</ref> The Dashte Barchi district had frequently been attacked by the [[Islamic State – Khorasan Province]].<ref>{{cite web |date=8 May 2021 |title=Blasts kill dozens near school in Afghan capital Kabul |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/8/blasts-kill-dozens-near-school-in-afghan-capital-kabul |access-date=8 May 2021 |publisher=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> 

Following the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|fall of Kabul]] to the Taliban in 2021, which marked the end of the war in Afghanistan, concerns were raised about whether the Taliban would reimpose the persecution of Hazaras as they did in the 1990s. An academic at [[Melbourne]]'s [[La Trobe University]] stated that "The Hazaras are very fearful that the Taliban will likely reinstate the policies of the 1990s," despite Taliban reassurances that they would not revert to their previous oppressive practices.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 August 2021 |title=Afghanistan's minority Hazaras see gains of past two decades 'falling apart' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210823-afghanistan-s-minority-hazaras-see-gains-of-past-two-decades-falling-apart |access-date=31 August 2021 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |date=29 August 2021 |title=Afghanistan's religious minorities live in fear of Taliban, brace for persecution |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/afghanistan-s-religious-minorities-live-fear-taliban-brace-persecution-n1277249 |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> On 6 September 2022, [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that since the Taliban took over Afghanistan in August 2021, ISIS–K has claimed responsibility for 13 attacks against Hazaras and has been linked to at least three more, resulting in the deaths and injuries of at least 700 people. The Islamic State affiliate has repeatedly targeted Hazaras and other religious minorities at mosques, schools, and workplaces.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 September 2022 |title=Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/09/06/afghanistan-isis-group-targets-religious-minorities |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>