Editing Hawaii (section)

===Geology===
{{see also|Hawaii hotspot}}
[[File:Pāhoehoe lava meets Pacific.jpg|thumb|left|{{lang|haw|Pāhoehoe}} (smooth lava) spills into the ocean, forming new rock]]
The Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanic activity initiated at an undersea [[magma]] source called the [[Hawaii hotspot|Hawai{{okina}}i hotspot]]. The process is continuing to build islands; the [[tectonic plate]] beneath much of the Pacific Ocean continually moves northwest and the hotspot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. Because of the hotspot's location, all active land volcanoes are on the southern half of Hawai{{okina}}i Island. The newest volcano, [[Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount|Kamaʻehuakanaloa]] (formerly Lō{{okina}}ihi), is south of the coast of Hawai{{okina}}i Island.

The last volcanic eruption outside Hawai{{okina}}i Island occurred at {{lang|haw|[[Haleakalā]]|italic=no}} on Maui before the late 18th{{spaces}}century, possibly hundreds of years earlier.<ref>{{cite web |title=Youngest lava flows on East Maui probably older than A.D. 1790 |url=http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1999/99_09_09.html |url-status=live |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |date=September 9, 1999 |access-date=May 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010222184841/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1999/99_09_09.html |archive-date=February 22, 2001}}</ref> In 1790, [[Keanakakoi eruption|Kīlauea exploded]]; it is the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs074-97/ |title=Living on Active Volcanoes—The Island of Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 074-97 |publisher=[[U.S. Geological Survey]] |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025021343/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs074-97/ |archive-date=October 25, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Up to 5,405 warriors and their families marching on [[Kīlauea]] were killed by the eruption.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swanson |first1=D.A. |last2=Rausch |first2=J. |title=Human Footprints in Relation to the 1790 Eruption of Kīlauea |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting |volume=11 |pages=V11B–2022 |year=2008 |bibcode=2008AGUFM.V11B2022S}}</ref> Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features. Hawaii Island has the [[List of islands by highest point|second-highest point]] among the world's islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Largest islands of the world |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/islands.htm |url-status=live |publisher=Worldatlas.com |access-date=April 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321164954/http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/islands.htm |archive-date=March 21, 2011}}</ref>

On the volcanoes' flanks, slope instability has generated damaging earthquakes and related [[tsunami]]s, particularly in [[1868 Hawaii earthquake|1868]] and [[1975 Hawaii earthquake|1975]].<ref name="PTWC">{{cite web|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/hawaii.php|title=Tsunami Safety & Preparedness in Hawaii|last=Pacific Tsunami Warning Center|date=November 12, 2009|access-date=November 12, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307231047/http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/hawaii.php |archive-date=March 7, 2011}}</ref> Catastrophic [[debris avalanche]]s on the ocean island volcanoes' submerged flanks have created steep cliffs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Le Bas |first=T.P. |chapter=Slope Failures on the Flanks of Southern Cape Verde Islands |editor-last=Lykousis |editor-first=Vasilios |title=Submarine mass movements and their consequences: 3rd international symposium |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-4020-6511-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=N. |title=Susceptibility of mid-ocean ridge volcanic islands and seamounts to large scale landsliding |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=108 |issue=B8 |pages=1–23 |year=2003 |s2cid=131282494 |bibcode=2003JGRB..108.2397M |doi=10.1029/2002jb001997 |doi-access=free | issn = 0148-0227 }}</ref>

{{lang|haw|[[Kīlauea]]|italic=no}} erupted in May 2018, opening 22 fissure vents on its eastern [[rift zone]]. The [[Leilani Estates]] and Lanipuna Gardens are within this territory. The eruption destroyed at least 36 buildings and this, coupled with the [[lava]] flows and the [[sulfur dioxide]] fumes, necessitated the evacuation of more than 2,000 inhabitants from their neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/g20264868/hawaii-volcano-eruption-2018-photos/|title=Man Whose Leg Was Shattered By Hawaii's Volcano Eruption Speaks Out|date=May 24, 2018|access-date=May 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601073344/https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/g20264868/hawaii-volcano-eruption-2018-photos/|archive-date=June 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>