Editing Hashish (section)

== Manufacturing processes ==
{{anchor|Honey oil}}
[[File:Récolte de la résine de cannabis, Uttarakhand, Inde 288x512.ogv|thumb|upright|Making charas from fresh ''cannabis'' resin, [[Uttarakhand]], India]]
The sticky resins of the fresh flowering female cannabis plant are collected. Traditionally this was, and still is, done in remote locations by pressing or rubbing the flowering plant between two hands and then forming the sticky resins into a small ball of hashish called [[charas]]. This method produces the highest amount of cannabinoids (THC content up to 60%) without chemical solvents or distillation. The best quality charas is produced in [[Central Asia]], and sold in sausage-like shapes.<ref>Inciardi, James A. The War on Drugs II (неопр.). — Mountain View, California: McGraw-Hill Education, 1992. — С. 19. — ISBN 1-55934-016-9.</ref>

Mechanical separation methods use physical action to remove the trichomes from the dried plant material, such as sieving through a screen by hand or in motorized tumblers. This technique is known as "drysifting". The resulting powder, referred to as "kief" or "drysift", is compressed with the aid of heat into blocks of hashish; if pure, the kief will become gooey and pliable. When a high level of pure THC is present, the end product will be almost transparent and will start to melt at the point of human contact.

Ice-water separation is another mechanical method of isolating trichomes. Newer techniques have been developed such as heat and pressure separations, static-electricity sieving or acoustical dry sieving.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

[[File:American medical hashish(3).jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Trichome]]s isolated with ice-water extraction method]]

Trichomes may break away from supporting stalks and leaves when plant material becomes brittle at low temperatures. After plant material has been agitated in an icy slush, separated trichomes are often dense enough to sink to the bottom of the ice-water mixture following agitation, while lighter pieces of leaves and stems tend to float.<ref name="cc">{{cite web|url=http://www.cannabisculture.com/v2/content/how-make-wicked-hash|title=How to Make Wicked hash/Bubble hash|last=Scammel and|first=Liza|author2=Bianca Sind|publisher=Cannabis Culture Magazine|access-date=22 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628043115/http://www.cannabisculture.com/v2/content/how-make-wicked-hash|archive-date=28 June 2011}}</ref>

The ice-water method requires ice, water, agitation, filtration bags with various-sized screens and plant material. With the ice-water extraction method the resin becomes hard and brittle and can easily be separated. This allows large quantities of pure resins to be extracted in a very clean process without the use of solvents, making for a more purified hashish.<ref name="cc"/><ref name="cc2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cannabisculture.com/articles/2789.html|title=Bubble Hash|last=Brady|first=P.|date=February 4, 2003|publisher=Cannabis Culture Magazine|access-date=22 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612235138/http://www.cannabisculture.com/articles/2789.html|archive-date=12 June 2011}}</ref>

Chemical separation methods generally use a [[solvent]] such as [[ethanol]], [[butane]] or [[hexane]] to dissolve the [[lipophilicity|lipophilic]] desirable resin. Remaining plant materials are filtered out of the solution and sent to the compost. The solvent is then evaporated, or boiled off (purged) leaving behind the desirable resins, called honey oil, "[[hash oil]]", or just "oil". Honey oil still contains [[wax]]es and [[essential oil]]s and can be further purified by [[vacuum distillation]] to yield "red oil". The product of chemical separations is more commonly referred to as "honey oil". This oil is not really hashish, as the latter name covers trichomes that are extracted by sieving. This leaves most of the glands intact.

Morocco has been the major hashish producer globally with €10.8 billion earned from Moroccan resin in 2004, but some so-called "Moroccan" may actually be European-made.<ref name="EMCDDA08" /><ref name="ChouvyBackground" /> The income for the farmers was around €325 million in 2005. While the overall number of plants and areas shrank in size, the introduction of more potent hybrid plants produced a high resin rate. The amount of resin produced is estimated to range between 3,800 and 9,500 tonnes in 2005.<ref name="EMCDDA08" />

The largest producer today is Afghanistan,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/03/31/afghanistan-leading-hashish-producer/ | work=Fox News | title=UN: Afghanistan is leading hashish producer | date=2010-03-31 | access-date=2016-05-28 | archive-date=2011-07-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063928/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/03/31/afghanistan-leading-hashish-producer/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> however studies suggest there is a "hashish revival" in Morocco.<ref name=ChouvyAfsahi>{{cite journal| last1 = Chouvy| first1 = Pierre Arnaud| last2 = Afsahi| first2 = Kenza| year = 2014| title = Hashish Revival in Morocco| url = http://geopium.org/?p=655| journal = International Journal of Drug Policy| volume = 25| issue = 3| pages = 416–423| issn = 0955-3959| doi = 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.01.001| pmid = 24507440| access-date = 2017-07-01| archive-date = 2017-02-03| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170203003711/http://geopium.org/?p=655| url-status = live | s2cid = 44589414}}</ref> Solventless Rosin Method was discovered by Phil Salazar in 2015. Rosin is created by pressing Cannabis Flower, Dry sift, or Ice water hash in between parchment paper using a pneumatic or hydraulic press with heated plates to create force and pressure to expel the oil from the product. The moisture present in the flower, Dry Sift, or ice water hash will create steam pressure and force the oil from the source creating a solventless hash product.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hightimes.com/news/the-birth-of-rosin/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220321/https://hightimes.com/news/the-birth-of-rosin/ |archive-date=11 November 2020 |title=The Birth of Rosin |author=Andrew Parker|date=May 8, 2017|website=High Times}}</ref>