Editing Hard rock (section)

===Glam metal era (1980s)===
{{main|Glam metal}}
The opening years of the 1980s saw a number of changes in personnel and direction of established hard rock acts, including the deaths of [[Bon Scott]], the lead singer of AC/DC, and [[John Bonham]], drummer with Led Zeppelin.<ref>C. Smith, ''101 Albums That Changed Popular Music'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|0-19-537371-5}}, p. 135.</ref> Whereas Zeppelin broke up almost immediately afterwards, AC/DC pressed on, recording the album ''[[Back in Black]]'' (1980) with their new lead singer, [[Brian Johnson]]. It became the fifth-highest-selling album of all time in the US and the second-highest-selling album in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold & Platinum – Top 100 Albums |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=tblTop100&action= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816001255/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=tblTop100&action= |archive-date=2013-08-16 |access-date=2009-05-28 |website=RIAA}}</ref> Black Sabbath had split with original singer [[Ozzy Osbourne]] in 1979 and replaced him with [[Ronnie James Dio]], formerly of Rainbow, giving the band a new sound and a period of creativity and popularity beginning with ''[[Heaven and Hell (Black Sabbath album)|Heaven and Hell]]'' (1980). Osbourne embarked on a solo career with ''[[Blizzard of Ozz]]'' (1980), featuring American guitarist [[Randy Rhoads]].<ref name="Bogdanov2002BlackSabbath">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 105–6.</ref> Some bands, such as [[Queen (Band)|Queen]], moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards [[pop rock]],<ref name=AMQueen/><ref name="Bogdanov2002Queen" /> while others, including Rush with ''[[Moving Pictures (Rush album)|Moving Pictures]]'' (1981), began to return to a hard rock sound.<ref name=AllmusicRush/> The creation of [[thrash metal]], which mixed heavy metal with elements of [[hardcore punk]] from about 1982, particularly by [[Metallica]], [[Anthrax (American band)|Anthrax]], [[Megadeth]] and [[Slayer]], helped to create extreme metal and further remove the style from hard rock, although a number of these bands or their members would continue to record some songs closer to a hard rock sound.<ref name="Bogdanov2002heavyMetal">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, p. 1332.</ref><ref name="Walser2003">R. Walser, ''Running with the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music'' (Wesleyan University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0-8195-6260-2}}, pp. 11–14.</ref> [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] moved away from their hard rock roots toward pop metal: firstly removing their makeup in 1983 for their ''[[Lick It Up]]'' album,<ref>S. T. Erlewine and G. Prato, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p4692|pure_url=yes}} "Kiss"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 18 September 2010.</ref> and then adopting the visual and sound of glam metal for their 1984 release, ''[[Animalize]]'', both of which marked a return to commercial success.<ref>G. Prato, [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r86539|pure_url=yes}} "Kiss: Animalize"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 18 September 2010.</ref> [[Pat Benatar]] was one of the first women to achieve commercial success in hard rock, releasing four consecutive US Top Five albums between 1980 and 1983.<ref name="AUS">{{Cite book |last=David Kent |title=Australian Chart Book 1970 – 1992 |publisher=Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. |year=1993 |isbn=0-646-11917-6}}</ref>

Often categorised with the new wave of British heavy metal, in 1981 [[Def Leppard]] released their second album ''[[High 'n' Dry]]'', mixing glam-rock with heavy metal, and helping to define the sound of hard rock for the decade.<ref name="Bogdanov2002DefLeppard">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 293–4.</ref> The follow-up ''[[Pyromania (album)|Pyromania]]'' (1983) was a big hit and the singles "[[Photograph (Def Leppard song)|Photograph]]", "[[Rock of Ages (Def Leppard song)|Rock of Ages]]" and "[[Foolin']]", helped by the emergence of [[MTV]], were successful.<ref name=Bogdanov2002DefLeppard/> It was widely emulated, particularly by the emerging Californian [[glam metal]] scene. This was followed by US acts like [[Mötley Crüe]], with their albums ''[[Too Fast for Love]]'' (1981) and ''[[Shout at the Devil]]'' (1983) and, as the style grew, the arrival of bands such as [[Ratt]],<ref name="AllmusicRatt">S. T. Erlewine & G. Prato, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5231|pure_url=yes}} "Ratt"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 19 June 2010.</ref> [[White Lion]],<ref name="AllmusicWhiteLion">G. Prato, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5817|pure_url=yes}} "White Lion"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 19 June 2010.</ref> [[Twisted Sister]] and [[Quiet Riot]].<ref>R. Moore, ''Sells Like Teen Spirit: Music, Youth Culture, and Social Crisis'' (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|0-8147-5748-0}}, p. 106.</ref> Quiet Riot's album ''[[Metal Health]]'' (1983) was the first glam metal album, and arguably the first heavy metal album of any kind, to reach number one in the ''Billboard'' music charts and helped open the doors for mainstream success by subsequent bands.<ref>E. Rivadavia, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5209|pure_url=yes}} "Quiet Riot"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 7 July 2010.</ref>

[[File:Poison.JPG|thumb|250px|right|[[Poison (American band)|Poison]], seen here in 2008, were among the most successful acts of the 1980s glam metal era.]]
Established bands made something of a comeback in the mid-1980s. After an 8-year separation, Deep Purple returned with the classic ''Machine Head'' line-up to produce ''[[Perfect Strangers (album)|Perfect Strangers]]'' (1984) which was a platinum-seller in the US and reached the top ten in nine other countries.<ref>[http://www.planetrock.co.uk/Article.asp?id=380382&spid=14154 Deep Purple Essential Collection – Planet Rock]</ref> After somewhat slower sales of its fourth album, ''[[Fair Warning (Van Halen album)|Fair Warning]]'', [[Van Halen]] rebounded with ''[[Diver Down]]'' in 1982, then reached their commercial pinnacle with ''[[1984 (Van Halen album)|1984]]''. [[Heart (band)|Heart]], after floundering during the first half of the decade, made a comeback with their eponymous ninth studio album which contained four hit singles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heart Discography and Chart Positions |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/heart-mn0000671953/awards |website=Allmusic.com}}</ref> The new medium of video channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard-edged blues rock with [[new wave music]] to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with "[[Gimme All Your Lovin']]" (1983), which helped their albums ''[[Eliminator (album)|Eliminator]]'' (1983) and ''[[Afterburner (ZZ Top album)|Afterburner]]'' (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively.<ref name="Bogdanov2002ZZTop">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 1271–2.</ref> Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with "[[Keep on Loving You (song)|Keep on Loving You]]" (1980) and "[[Can't Fight This Feeling]]" (1984), Journey with "[[Don't Stop Believin']]" (1981) and "[[Open Arms (Journey song)|Open Arms]]" (1982),<ref name=AllmusicJourney/> [[Foreigner (band)|Foreigner]]'s "[[Waiting for a Girl Like You]]" (1981) and "[[I Want to Know What Love Is]]" (1984),<ref name="Frithpop">S. Frith, "Pop Music" in S. Frith, W. Straw and J. Street, eds, ''The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), {{ISBN|0-521-55660-0}}, pp. 100–1.</ref> [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]]' "[[Still Loving You]]" (1984), Heart's "[[What About Love]]" (1985) and [[Boston (band)|Boston]]'s "[[Amanda (Boston song)|Amanda]]" (1986).<ref>P. Buckley, ''The Rough Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to more than 1200 Artists and Bands'' (Rough Guides, 2003), {{ISBN|1-84353-105-4}}.</ref>

[[Bon Jovi]]'s third album, ''[[Slippery When Wet]]'' (1986), mixed hard rock with a pop sensitivity selling 15&nbsp;million copies in the US while becoming the first hard rock album to spawn three hit singles.<ref>L. Flick, "Bon Jovi bounce back from tragedy", ''Billboard'', Sep 28, 2002, vol. 114, No. 39, ISSN 0006-2510, p. 81.</ref> The album has been credited with widening the audiences for the genre, particularly by appealing to women as well as the traditional male dominated audience, and opening the door to MTV and commercial success for other bands at the end of the decade.<ref>D. Nicholls, ''The Cambridge History of American Music'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), {{ISBN|0-521-45429-8}}, p. 378.</ref> The anthemic ''[[The Final Countdown (album)|The Final Countdown]]'' (1986) by Swedish group [[Europe (band)|Europe]] was an international hit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RIAA – Gold & Platinum |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Europe&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908205333/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Europe&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |archive-date=2015-09-08 |access-date=2008-06-24 |publisher=RIAA}}</ref> This era also saw more glam-infused American hard rock bands come to the forefront, with both [[Poison (American band)|Poison]] and [[Cinderella (band)|Cinderella]] releasing their multi-platinum début albums in 1986.<ref name="AllmusicPoison">B. Weber, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5162|pure_url=yes}} "Poison"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 19 June 2010.</ref><ref name="AllmusicCinderella">W. Ruhlmann, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p64591|pure_url=yes}} "Cinderella"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 19 June 2010.</ref> [[Van Halen]] released ''[[5150 (album)|5150]]'' (1986), their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals, which sold over 6&nbsp;million copies.<ref name=AllmusicVanHalen/> By the second half of the decade, hard rock had become the most reliable form of commercial popular music in the United States.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/27/arts/the-pop-life-940989.html "The Pop Life" – New York Times] By Stephen Holden. Published: Wednesday, December 27, 1989. Retrieved October 25, 2009.</ref>

[[File:Download Feastival 2006 -2.jpg|thumb|225px|left|Original member Izzy Stradlin' on stage with [[Guns N' Roses]] in 2006]]
Established acts benefited from the new commercial climate, with [[Whitesnake]]'s [[Whitesnake (album)|self-titled album]] (1987) selling over 17&nbsp;million copies, outperforming anything in Coverdale's or Deep Purple's catalogue before or since. It featured the rock anthem "[[Here I Go Again]] '87" as one of 4 UK top 20 singles. The follow-up ''[[Slip of the Tongue]]'' (1989) went platinum, but according to critics Steve Erlwine and Greg Prato, "it was a considerable disappointment after the across-the-board success of ''Whitesnake''".<ref>S. T. Erlewine and G. Prato, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5819|pure_url=yes}} "Whitesnake"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 27 September 2010.</ref> Aerosmith's comeback album ''[[Permanent Vacation (Aerosmith album)|Permanent Vacation]]'' (1987) would begin a decade long revival of their popularity.<ref name="AllmusicAerosmith">S. T. Erlewine, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p3508|pure_url=yes}} "Aerosmith"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 27 September 2010.</ref> ''[[Crazy Nights]]'' (1987) by Kiss was the band's biggest hit album since 1979 and the highest of their career in the UK.<ref>J. Tobler, M. St. Michael and A. Doe, ''Kiss: Live!'' (London: Omnibus Press, 1996), {{ISBN|0-7119-6008-9}}.</ref> Mötley Crüe with ''[[Girls, Girls, Girls (Mötley Crüe album)|Girls, Girls, Girls]]'' (1987) continued their commercial success<ref name="Bogdanov2002MotleyCrue">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 767–8.</ref> and Def Leppard with ''[[Hysteria (Def Leppard album)|Hysteria]]'' (1987) hit their commercial peak, the latter producing six hit singles (a record for a hard rock act).<ref name=Bogdanov2002DefLeppard/> [[Guns N' Roses]] released the best-selling début of all time, ''[[Appetite for Destruction]]'' (1987). With a "grittier" and "rawer" sound than most glam metal, it produced three hits, including "[[Sweet Child O' Mine]]".<ref name="Bogdanov2002Guns&Roses">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 494–5.</ref> Some of the glam rock bands that formed in the mid-1980s, such as White Lion and Cinderella experienced their biggest success during this period with their respective albums ''[[Pride (White Lion album)|Pride]]'' (1987) and ''[[Long Cold Winter]]'' (1988) both going multi-platinum and launching a series of hit singles.<ref name=AllmusicWhiteLion/><ref name=AllmusicCinderella/> In the last years of the decade, the most notable successes were ''[[New Jersey (album)|New Jersey]]'' (1988) by Bon Jovi,<ref name="AllmusicBonJovi">S. T. Erlewine, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p3734|pure_url=yes}} "Bon Jovi"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 20 June 2010.</ref> ''[[OU812]]'' (1988) by [[Van Halen]],<ref name=AllmusicVanHalen/> ''[[Open Up and Say... Ahh!]]'' (1988) by [[Poison (American band)|Poison]]'',<ref name=AllmusicPoison/> [[Pump (album)|Pump]]'' (1989) by Aerosmith,<ref name=AllmusicAerosmith/> and Mötley Crüe's most commercially successful album ''[[Dr. Feelgood (album)|Dr. Feelgood]]'' (1989).<ref name=Bogdanov2002MotleyCrue/> ''New Jersey'' spawned five hit singles. In 1988 from 25 June to 5 November, the number one spot on the Billboard 200 album chart was held by a hard rock album for 18 out of 20 consecutive weeks; the albums were ''OU812'', ''Hysteria'', ''Appetite for Destruction'', and ''New Jersey''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1988-06-25 |title=The Billboard 200 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/1988-06-25/billboard-200 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc |access-date=2010-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1988-07-23 |title=The Billboard 200 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/1988-07-23/billboard-200 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc |access-date=2010-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1988-08-06 |title=The Billboard 200 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/1988-08-06/billboard-200 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc |access-date=2010-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1988-10-15 |title=The Billboard 200 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/1988-10-15/billboard-200 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc |access-date=2010-03-05}}</ref> A final wave of glam rock bands arrived in the late 1980s, and experienced success with multi-platinum albums and hit singles from 1989 until the early 1990s, among them [[Extreme (band)|Extreme]],<ref>S. T. Erlewine, [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/extreme-p4215/biography, "Extreme"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 10 February 2011.</ref> [[Warrant (American band)|Warrant]]<ref>S. T. Erlewine, [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/warrant-p5790/biography "Warrant"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 10 February 2011.</ref> [[Slaughter (band)|Slaughter]]<ref>S. Huey, [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/slaughter-p5451/biography "Slaughter"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 10 February 2011.</ref> and [[FireHouse (band)|FireHouse]].<ref>S. T. Erlewine, [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/firehouse-p26051/biography "Firehouse"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 10 February 2011.</ref> [[Skid Row (American band)|Skid Row]] also released their [[Skid Row (Skid Row album)|eponymous début]] (1989), but they were to be one of the last major bands that emerged in the glam rock era.<ref name="Bogdanov2002SkidRow">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 1018–9.</ref>