Editing Happening (section)

===Around the world===
In 1959 the French artist [[Yves Klein]] first performed ''[[Zone de Sensibilité Picturale Immatérielle]]''. The work involved the sale of documentation of ownership of empty space (the Immaterial Zone), taking the form of a cheque, in exchange for [[gold]]; if the buyer wished, the piece could then be completed in an elaborate ritual in which the buyer would burn the cheque, and Klein would throw half of the gold into the [[Seine]].<ref name="Stich">Yves Klein, Stich, Cantz 1995, p. 156</ref> The ritual would be performed in the presence of an art critic or distinguished dealer, an art museum director and at least two witnesses.<ref name="Stich"/>

In 1960, [[Jean-Jacques Lebel]] supervised and participated in the first European happening ''L'enterrement de la Chose'' in [[Venice]]. For his performance there – called ''Happening Funeral Ceremony of the Anti-Process'' – Lebel invited the audience to attend a ceremony in formal dress. In a decorated room within a grand residence, a draped 'cadaver' rested on a plinth which was then ritually stabbed by an 'executioner' while a 'service' was read consisting of extracts from the French décadent writer [[Joris-Karl Huysmans]] and le [[Marquis de Sade]]. Then pall-bearers carried the coffin out into a gondola and the 'body'–which was a mechanical sculpture by [[Jean Tinguely]] –was ceremonially slid into the canal.<ref>[[Joseph Nechvatal]], ''Immersive Ideals / Critical Distances''. [[LAP Lambert Academic Publishing]], 2009. p. 323</ref>
[[File:Jean-Jacques Lebel - Beat Generation, 2013.11.09 (1).JPG|thumb|Jean-Jacques Lebel–at Exhibition Beat Generation, November 2013]]
Poet and painter [[Adrian Henri]] claimed to have organized the first happenings in England in [[Liverpool]] in 1962,<ref>B. J. Moore-Gilbert, ''Cultural Revolution?: The Challenge of the Arts in the 1960s'', Routledge, 1992, p. 90. {{ISBN|0-415-07824-5}}</ref> taking place during the Merseyside Arts Festival.<ref>Günter Berghaus, "Happenings in Europe: Trends, Events and Leading Figures", in ''Happenings and Other Acts'', edited by Mariellen R. Sandford, {{Page needed|date=September 2012}}<!--Inclusive page numbers of Berghaus's chapter needed here.--> (London and New York: Routledge, 1995): p. 368. {{ISBN|0-415-09935-8}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-415-09936-6}} (pbk).</ref> The most important event in London was the Albert Hall "[[International Poetry Incarnation]]" on June 11, 1965, where an audience of 7,000 people witnessed and participated in performances by some of the leading ''avant-garde'' young British and American poets of the day (see [[British Poetry Revival]] and [[Poetry of the United States]]). One of the participants, [[Jeff Nuttall]], went on to organize a number of further happenings, often working with his friend [[Bob Cobbing]], [[sound poetry|sound poet]] and [[performance poetry|performance poet]].

In [[Tokyo]] in 1964, [[Yoko Ono]] created a happening by performing her ''[[Cut Piece 1964|Cut Piece]]'' at the [[Sogetsu Art Center]]. She walked onto the stage draped in fabric, presented the audience with a pair of scissors, and instructed the audience to cut the fabric away gradually until the performer decided they should stop.<ref>Kevin Concannon, "[http://kevinconcannon.squarespace.com/storage/pdf/CutPiecePAJ.pdf Yoko Ono's ''Cut Piece'': From Text to Performance and Back Again]" ''PAJ—A Journal of Performance and Art'' 30, no. 3 (September 2008): 81–93, citation on 81–82. doi:0.1162.{{clarify|date=July 2012}}<!--Invalid doi.--> Retrieved July 31, 2012.</ref> This piece was presented again in 1966 at the ''[[Destruction in Art Symposium]]'' in London, this time allowing the cutting away of her street cloths.

[[File:Joseph Beuys Filtz TV by Lothar Wolleh.jpg|thumb|right|Beuys Felt TV performance by [[Lothar Wolleh]] in 1971]]
In [[Belgium]], the first happenings were organized around 1965–1968 in [[Antwerp]], [[Brussels]] and [[Ostend]] by artists [[Hugo Heyrman]] and [[Panamarenko]].

In the [[Netherlands]], the first documented happening took place in 1961, with the Dutch artist and performer [[Wim T. Schippers]] emptying a bottle of soda water in the North Sea near Petten. Later on, he organized random walks in the Amsterdam city centre. [[Provo (movement)|Provo]] organized happenings around the a statue ''Het Lieverdje'' on the Spui, a square in the centre of [[Amsterdam]], from 1966 till 1968. [[Police]] often raided these events. In the 1960s [[Joseph Beuys]], [[Wolf Vostell]], [[Nam June Paik]], [[Charlotte Moorman]], [[Dick Higgins]], and [[HA Schult]] staged happenings in Germany.

In Canada, [[Gary Botting]] created or "constructed" happenings between 1969 (in St. John's, Newfoundland) and 1972 (in Edmonton, Alberta), including ''The Aeolian Stringer'' in which a "captive" audience was entangled in string emanating from a vacuum cleaner as it made its rounds (similar to Kaprow's "A Spring Happening", where he used a power lawnmower and huge electric fan to similar effect); ''Zen Rock Festival'' in which the central icon was a huge rock with which the audience interacted in unpredictable ways; ''Black on Black'' held in the Edmonton Art Gallery; and "Pipe Dream," set in a men's washroom with an all-female "cast".{{sfn|Botting|1972|p=12-17}} In [[Australia]], the [[Yellow House Artist Collective]] in [[Sydney]] housed 24-hour happenings throughout the early 1970s.

Behind the [[Iron Curtain]] in [[Poland]], artist and theater director [[Tadeusz Kantor]] staged the first happenings beginning in 1965. In the second half of 1970s painter and performer [[Krzysztof Jung]] ran the Repassage gallery, which promoted performance art in Poland.<ref>''Krzysztof Jung''. Catalogue of the exhibition edited by Grzegorz Kowalski and Maryla Sitkowska, Warsaw 2001</ref> Also in the second half of the 1980s, a student-based happening movement [[Orange Alternative]] founded by Major [[Waldemar Fydrych]] became known for its much attended happenings (over 10 thousand participants at one time) aimed against the military regime led by [[Wojciech Jaruzelski|General Jaruzelski]] and the fear blocking the Polish society ever since [[Martial law in Poland|martial law]] had been imposed in December 1981.

Since 1993 the artist [[Jens Galschiøt]] has had political happenings all over the [[world]]. In November 1993 he held the happening [[my inner beast]] where twenty sculptures were erected within 55 hours without the knowledge of the authorities all over [[Europe]]. [[Pillar of Shame]] is a series of Galschiøt's sculptures. The first happening was erected in [[Hong Kong]] on 4 June 1997, ahead of the handover from British to Chinese rule on 1 July 1997, as a protest against China's crackdown of the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]]. On 1 May 1999, a Pillar of Shame was set up on the Zócalo<ref name="zocalo">{{cite book
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p_1oiln1U4oC&q=pillar+of+shame+z%C3%B3calo&pg=PT36 |title = Conversations with Durito |author = Subcomandante Marcos |publisher = Autonomedia |year = 2005 |isbn = 9781570271182 |access-date = 29 January 2010}}</ref> in [[Mexico City]] and it stood for two days in front of the Parliament to protest the oppression of the region's indigenous people.

The non-profit, artist-run organization, iKatun,<ref>ikatun.com</ref> artist group, The Institute of Infinitely Small Things, has reflected the use of "happenings" influence while incorporating the medium of internet. Their aim is one which "fosters public engagement in the politics of information".{{Full citation needed|date=November 2010}} Their project entitled ''The International Database of Corporate Commands'' presents a scrutinizing look at the super-saturating advertisements slogans, and "commands" of companies. "The Institute for Infinitely Small Things" uses the commands to conduct research performances, performances in which we attempt to enact, as literally as possible, what the command tells us to do and where it tells us to do it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=D'Ignazio|first1=Catherine|title=Corporate Commands|url=http://www.ikatun.org/kanarinka/corporate-commands/|website=ikatun.org|publisher=kanarinka projects|access-date=7 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142048/http://www.ikatun.org/kanarinka/corporate-commands/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Starting around 2010, a world-wide group called [[D. Graham Burnett#The Order of the Third Bird|The Order of the Third Bird]] started creating [[flashmob]] style [[art appreciation]] happenings.<ref>{{cite magazine
 | last=Heller
 | first=Nathan
 | date=2024-05-06
 | title=The Battle for Attention
 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/05/06/the-battle-for-attention
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429102107/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/05/06/the-battle-for-attention
 | archive-date=2024-04-29
 | url-status=live
 | magazine=The New Yorker
 | access-date=May 2, 2024
}}</ref><ref>[https://mitpress.mit.edu/author/d-graham-burnett-36095 ''In Search of The Third Bird: Exemplary Essays from The Proceedings of ESTAR(SER)''] 2001–2021 |editor-last=Burnett |editor-first=D. Graham |editor2-last= Hansen |editor2-first=Catherine L. |editor-first=D. Graham |editor3-last= Smith |editor2-first=Justin E.|year=2021 |publisher=Strange Attractor Press |location=London {{ISBN|978-1913689360|1913689360}}</ref>

In 2018 the [[Prague]]-based [[performance]] and [[poetics]] collective [[OBJECT:PARADISE]] was established by writers Tyko Say and Jeff Milton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://objectparadise.com/About|title = About — OBJECT:PARADISE}}</ref> The collective has since aimed to make [[poetry]] readings more similar to language happenings which involve a variety of interdisciplinary acts and performances occurring at the same time.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://praguemonitor.com/business/press-release/09/06/2021/poetics-collective-objectparadise-celebrates-zizkov/ | title=Poetics collective OBJECT:PARADISE celebrates Žižkov » Prague Monitor / Czech News in English | date=9 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://objectparadise.com/Manifesto|title=Manifesto — OBJECT:PARADISE}}</ref>