Editing Hannah Arendt (section)

==== Higher education (1922–1929) ====
{{multiple image | header = ''[[Almae matres]]'' | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | float = none
|image1=Berlin Unter den Linden Humboldt Universität IMG 3241.JPG|caption1 = [[Berlin University]] |alt1= University of Berlin
|image2=Alte Universität (Marburg) 2.jpg|caption2=[[Marburg University]]|alt2=University of Marburg
|image3=Platz der Weißen Rose mit KG I und Uniturm vom Kollegiengebäude II der Freiburger Uni gesehen.jpg|caption3=[[Freiburg University]] |alt3=University of Freiburg
|image4=Heidelberg Universitätsbibliothek 2003 b.jpg|caption4=[[Heidelberg University]]|alt4=University of Heidelberg
}}
[[File:Hannah Arendt 1924.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Hannah, 1924|alt=Photo of Hannah in 1924]]

===== Berlin (1922–1924) =====
Arendt was expelled from the Luise-Schule in 1922, at the age of 15, for leading a boycott of a teacher who insulted her. Her mother sent her to Berlin to Social Democrat family friends. She lived in a student residence and [[academic audit|audited]] courses at the [[University of Berlin]] (1922–1923), including classics and [[Christian theology]] under [[Romano Guardini]]. She successfully sat for the entrance examination ({{lang|de|[[Abitur]]}}) for the [[University of Marburg]], where Ernst Grumach had studied with [[Martin Heidegger]] (appointed as a professor in 1923). Her mother had engaged a private tutor, and her aunt Frieda Arendt, a teacher, also helped, while Frieda's husband Ernst Aron provided financial tuition assistance.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=32, 34}}

===== Marburg (1924–1926) =====
In Berlin, Guardini had introduced her to Kierkegaard, and she resolved to make theology her major field.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=36}} At Marburg (1924–1926) she studied classical languages, German literature, Protestant theology with [[Rudolf Bultmann]] and philosophy with [[Nicolai Hartmann]] and Heidegger.{{sfn|Maier-Katkin|2010}} She arrived in the fall in the middle of an intellectual revolution led by the young Heidegger, of whom she was in awe, describing him as "the hidden king [who] reigned in the realm of thinking".{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=44}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-10 |title="Woman, Jew, Intellectual:" How the Nazi State Saw Hannah Arendt |url=https://lithub.com/woman-jew-intellectual-how-the-nazi-state-saw-hannah-arendt/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Literary Hub |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113203733/https://lithub.com/woman-jew-intellectual-how-the-nazi-state-saw-hannah-arendt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Heidegger had broken away from the intellectual movement started by [[Edmund Husserl]], whose assistant he had been at [[University of Freiburg]] before coming to Marburg.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=47}} This was a period when Heidegger was preparing his lectures on Kant, which he would develop in the second part of his {{lang|de|[[Sein und Zeit]]}} (Being and Time) in 1927 and {{lang|de|[[Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik]]}} (1929). In his classes, he and his students struggled with the meaning of "[[Dasein|Being]]" as they studied [[Aristotle]]'s and [[Plato]]'s ''[[Sophist (dialogue)|Sophist]]'' concept of [[truth]], to which Heidegger opposed the pre-Socratic term [[ἀλήθεια]].{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=47}} Many years later Arendt would describe these classes, how people came to Marburg to hear him, and how, above all he imparted the idea of {{lang|de|Denken}} ("thinking") as activity, which she qualified as "passionate thinking".{{sfn|Arendt|1971}}

Arendt was restless, finding her studies neither emotionally nor intellectually satisfying. She was ready for passion, finishing her poem {{lang|de|Trost}} (Consolation, 1923) with the lines:{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=49, 479}}

<blockquote>{{lang|de|Die Stunden verrinnen,<br />Die Tage vergehen,<br />Es bleibt ein Gewinnen<br />Das bloße Bestehen.}}<br />
(The hours run down.<br />The days pass on.<br />One achievement remains:<br />merely existing.)</blockquote>

Her encounter with Heidegger represented a dramatic departure from the past. He was handsome, a genius, romantic, and taught that thinking and "aliveness" were but one.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=49}} The 18-year-old Arendt then began a long romantic relationship with the 35-year-old Heidegger,{{sfn|Grunenberg|2017}} who was married with two young sons.{{efn|Martin Heidegger, a Roman Catholic, had married Elfride Petri on 21 March 1917. They had two sons, Jorg and Hermann{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=47}}}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=47}} Arendt later faced criticism for this because of Heidegger's support for the [[Nazi Party]] after his election as [[Rector (academia)|rector]] at Freiburg University in 1933. Nevertheless, he remained one of the most profound influences on her thinking,{{sfn|Maier-Katkin|2010a}} and he would later relate that she had been the inspiration for his work on passionate thinking in those days. They agreed to keep the details of the relationship a secret while preserving their letters.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=50}} The relationship was unknown until [[Elisabeth Young-Bruehl]]'s biography of Arendt appeared in 1982. At the time of publishing, Arendt and Heidegger were deceased but Heidegger's wife, Elfride, was still alive. The affair was not well known until 1995, when [[Elzbieta Ettinger]] gained access to the sealed correspondence{{sfn|Kohler|1996}} and published a controversial account that was used by Arendt's detractors to cast doubt on her integrity. That account,{{efn|Ettinger set out to write a biography of Arendt, but, being in poor health, never completed it, only this chapter being published as a separate work before she died{{sfn|Brent|2013}}}} which caused a scandal, was subsequently refuted.{{sfn|Lilla|1999}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xiv}}{{sfn|Brent|2013}}

At Marburg, Arendt lived at Lutherstraße 4.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004}} Among her friends was [[Hans Jonas]], a Jewish classmate. Another fellow student of Heidegger's was Jonas' friend, the Jewish philosopher [[Günther Anders|Günther Siegmund Stern]], who would later become her first husband.{{sfn|Dries|2018}} Stern had completed his doctoral dissertation with Edmund Husserl at Freiburg, and was now working on his ''[[Habilitation]]'' thesis with Heidegger, but Arendt, involved with Heidegger, took little notice of him at the time.{{sfn|Ettinger|1997|p=31}}

====== ''Die Schatten'' (1925) ======
In the summer of 1925, while home at Königsberg, Arendt composed her sole autobiographical piece, {{lang|de|Die Schatten}} (The Shadows), a "description of herself"{{sfn|May|1986|p=24}}{{sfn|Balber|2017}} addressed to Heidegger.{{efn|The essay is preserved in the published correspondence between Arendt and Heidegger{{sfn|Arendt|Heidegger|2004}}}}{{sfn|Heidegger|1925}} In this essay, full of anguish and [[Heideggerian terminology|Heideggerian language]], she reveals her feelings toward her femininity and Jewishness, writing abstractly in the third person.{{efn|for instance "perhaps her youth will free itself from this spell"}} She describes a state of "{{lang|de|Fremdheit}}" (alienation), on the one hand an abrupt loss of youth and innocence, on the other an "{{lang|de|Absonderlichkeit}}" (strangeness), the finding of the remarkable in the banal.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=51}} In her detailing of the pain of her childhood and longing for protection she shows her vulnerabilities and how her love for Heidegger had released her and once again filled her world with color and mystery. She refers to her relationship with Heidegger as "{{lang|de|Eine starre Hingegebenheit an ein Einziges}}" ("an unbending devotion to a unique man").{{sfn|Kirsch|2009}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=50–54}}{{sfn|Brightman|2004}} This period of intense introspection was also one of the most productive of her poetic output,{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=50–56}} such as {{lang|de|In sich versunken}} (Lost in Self-Contemplation).{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=50–51, 481–82}}

{{multiple image | header = Teachers | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | float = none
|image1=Heidegger 2 (1960).jpg|caption1 =[[Martin Heidegger]] |alt1=Photo of Martin Heidegger
|image2=Edmund Husserl 1900.jpg|caption2=[[Edmund Husserl]]|alt2=Portrait of Edmund Husserl
|image3=Karl Jaspers (HeidICON 33478).jpg|caption3=[[Karl Jaspers]] |alt3=Photo of Karl Jaspers
}}

===== Freiburg and Heidelberg (1926–1929) =====
After a year at Marburg, Arendt spent a semester at Freiburg, attending the lectures of Husserl.{{sfn|d'Entreves|2014}} In 1926 she moved to the [[University of Heidelberg]], completing her [[dissertation]] in 1929 under Karl Jaspers.{{sfn|Villa|2000|p=xiii}} Jaspers, a friend of Heidegger, was the other leading figure of the then-new and revolutionary ''[[Existential philosophy|Existenzphilosophie]]''.{{sfn|Villa|2009}} Her thesis was entitled ''[[Love and Saint Augustine|Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin: Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation]]'' (On the concept of love in the thought of [[Augustine of Hippo|Saint Augustine]]: Attempt at a philosophical interpretation).{{sfn|Arendt|1929}} She remained a lifelong friend of Jaspers and his wife, Gertrud Mayer, developing a deep intellectual relationship with him.{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992}} At Heidelberg, her circle of friends included Hans Jonas, who had also moved from Marburg to study [[Augustine]], working on his {{lang|de|Augustin und das paulinische Freiheitsproblem. Ein philosophischer Beitrag zur Genesis der christlich-abendländischen Freiheitsidee}} (1930),{{efn|''Augustin and the Pauline freedom problem. A philosophical contribution to the genesis of the Christian-Western idea of freedom''}} and also a group of three young philosophers: [[Karl Frankenstein]], [[Erich Neumann (psychologist)|Erich Neumann]] and [[:de:Erwin Loewenson|Erwin Loewenson]].{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=66}} Other friends and students of Jaspers were the linguists [[:de:Benno von Wiese|Benno von Wiese]] and [[:de:Hugo Friedrich|Hugo Friedrich]] (seen with Hannah, below), with whom she attended lectures by [[Friedrich Gundolf]] at Jaspers' suggestion and who kindled in her an interest in [[German Romanticism]]. She also became reacquainted, at a lecture, with [[Kurt Blumenfeld]], who introduced her to Jewish politics. At Heidelberg, she lived in the old town ({{lang|de|Altstadt}}) near the [[Heidelberg Castle|castle]], at Schlossberg 16. The house was demolished in the 1960s, but the one remaining wall bears a plaque commemorating her time there.{{sfn|Jen|2016}}

{{multiple image | header = Arendt at Heidelberg 1926–1929 | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | float = none
|image1=Arendt in Heidelberg (cropped).jpg|caption1=Hannah Arendt (2nd from right), [[:de:Benno von Wiese|Benno von Wiese]] (far right), [[:de:Hugo Friedrich|Hugo Friedrich]] (2nd from left) and friend at Heidelberg University 1928|alt1=Photo of Hannah with student friends at the university at Heildelberg in 1928
|image2=HannahArendtHeidelberg 1.jpg|caption2 = Plaque marking Arendt's residence in Heidelberg |alt2= Plaque on house where Hannah lived at Heidelberg
}}
On completing her dissertation, Arendt turned to her {{lang|de|[[Habilitationsschrift]]}}, initially on German Romanticism,{{sfn|Zebadúa Yáñez|2018}} and thereafter an academic teaching career. However 1929 was also the year of the [[Great Depression|Depression]] and the end of the golden years ({{lang|de|Goldene Zwanziger}}) of the [[Weimar Republic]], which was to become increasingly unstable over its remaining four years. Arendt, as a Jew, had little if any chance of obtaining an academic appointment in Germany.{{sfn|Saussy|2013}} Nevertheless, she completed most of the work before she was forced to leave Germany.{{sfn|Weissberg|Elon|1999}}