Editing Hangzhou (section)

=== Yuan dynasty ===
Hangzhou was besieged and captured by the advancing [[Mongol]] armies of [[Kublai Khan]] in 1276, three years before the final collapse of the Southern Song.<ref name="gernet 15">Gernet, 15.</ref> Historian [[Patricia Buckley Ebrey]] noted that the Mongol [[Yuan dynasty]] killed the Jurchen Wanyan royal family by the hundreds in the [[Siege of Kaifeng (1232)]], while sparing the city of Hangzhou including the Chinese Zhao royal family of the [[Song dynasty|Southern Song]]. The Mongols rehired Southern Song government officials and had Han Chinese artisans in [[Shangdu]] marry the palace women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ebrey |first1=Patricia Buckley |editor1-last=Ebrey |editor1-first=Patricia Buckley |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=Paul Jakov |title=State Power in China, 900-1325 |date=2016 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0295998480 |pages=325, 326 |edition=illustrated |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SpADAAAQBAJ&q=The+Mongols+executed+the+Xi+Xia+ruler+when+he+surrendered+in+1227.89+With+the+fall+of+Jin%2C+the+Mongols+marched+out+more+than+500+members+of+the+Wanyan+imperial+clan%2C+then+killed+them+all.90+After+the+fall+of+Jin%2C+the+Mongols+attacked+Song+territory+in+Sichuan%2C+but+did+not+wage+all-out+war+to+subjugate+Song+until+the+1250s+because+they+were+busy+elsewhere.+In+1259%2C+after+capturing+a+city+in+Sichuan%2C+more+than+80%2C000+captives+were+taken%2C+and+an+attack+in+Hunan+resulted+in+20%2C000+captives+taken+north.91+In+contrast+to+how+the+Mongols+treated+the+royal+families+of+the+Xia+and+Jin+upon+subjugation%2C+a+half+century+later+they+treated+the+surrendered+Song+empresses+and+the+boy+emperor+relatively+decently.+In+1276+the+Song+surrender+had+been+nearly+unconditional%3A+the+empress+dowager+asked+that&pg=PA325 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315101938/https://books.google.com/books?id=9SpADAAAQBAJ&q=The+Mongols+executed+the+Xi+Xia+ruler+when+he+surrendered+in+1227.89+With+the+fall+of+Jin,+the+Mongols+marched+out+more+than+500+members+of+the+Wanyan+imperial+clan,+then+killed+them+all.90+After+the+fall+of+Jin,+the+Mongols+attacked+Song+territory+in+Sichuan,+but+did+not+wage+all-out+war+to+subjugate+Song+until+the+1250s+because+they+were+busy+elsewhere.+In+1259,+after+capturing+a+city+in+Sichuan,+more+than+80,000+captives+were+taken,+and+an+attack+in+Hunan+resulted+in+20,000+captives+taken+north.91+In+contrast+to+how+the+Mongols+treated+the+royal+families+of+the+Xia+and+Jin+upon+subjugation,+a+half+century+later+they+treated+the+surrendered+Song+empresses+and+the+boy+emperor+relatively+decently.+In+1276+the+Song+surrender+had+been+nearly+unconditional:+the+empress+dowager+asked+that&pg=PA325 |archive-date=March 15, 2022 |chapter=9 State-Forced Relocations in China, 900-1300 THE MONGOLS AND THE STATE OF YUAN |access-date=March 15, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The capital of the new [[Yuan dynasty]] was established in the city of [[Khanbaliq|Dadu]] ([[Beijing]]), but Hangzhou remained an important commercial and administrative center for their southern territory.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Hangzhou pic 10.jpg|[[Leifeng Pagoda]]
File:Leifeng Pagoda in the Southern Song Dynasty by Li Song.jpg|''Xi Hu Landscape'' by [[Li Song (painter)|Li Song (1190–1264)]], showing the Leifeng Pagoda in the Southern Song Dynasty
File:西湖平湖秋月.JPG|"Moon over the Peaceful Lake in Autumn", one of the [[West Lake#Ten Scenes of West Lake|Ten Scenes]] of the [[West Lake|Xi Hu]]
Image:Hupao.jpg|[[Dreaming of the Tiger Spring]], the burial place of monk [[Jigong]]
</gallery>

==== Foreign descriptions ====
Yuan China was very open to foreign visitors, and several returned west describing Hangzhou—under the names '''Khinzai''',<ref>[[Wassaf]], ''The Allocation of Cities''. {{in lang|fa}}</ref> '''Campsay''',<ref>[[Odoric of Pordenone]], ''Travels''. {{in lang|la}}</ref> etc.{{NoteTag|For a discussion of the many sources and variant spellings of the names, see [[Arthur Christopher Moule|Moule]].<ref>{{citation |last=Moule |first=Arthur Christopher |author-link = Arthur Christopher Moule |title=Quinsai |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UYIoAAAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=[[Cambridge]], England |year=1957 |pages=2–4 |isbn=9781107621909 }}.</ref> The ultimate Chinese source of these names has been variously given as ''Jīngshī'' ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|京師}}}}, "the Capital"); ''Xingzai'', an abbreviated form of ''Xíngzàisuǒ'' ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|行在|所}}}}, "the Place of Temporary Residence"), which had formerly been a byname for the Song capital from the hope that the court would eventually return north to [[Kaifeng]]; and ''Hangtsei'', the [[Hangzhounese]] pronunciation of the town's name.{{sfnp|Moule|1957|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UYIoAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4]}}}}{{mdash}}as one of the foremost cities in the world. The [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] merchant [[Marco Polo]] supposedly visited Hangzhou in the late 13th century. In [[The Travels of Marco Polo|his book]], he records that the city was "greater than any in the world"<ref name=mote>{{cite book |first=Frederick W. |last=Mote |title=Imperial China: 900–1800 |year=2003|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=461|isbn=978-0-674-01212-7}}</ref> and that "the number and wealth of the merchants, and the amount of goods that passed through their hands, was so enormous that no man could form a just estimate thereof". Polo's account greatly exaggerates the city's size, although it has been argued that the "hundred miles" of walls would be plausible if [[li (unit)|Chinese miles]] were intended instead of [[Italian mile|Italian ones]]<ref>{{citation |chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/marcopolo00polouoft#page/290/mode/2up |first = J.M. |last = Dent |title = The travels of Marco Polo the Venetian |chapter=Chapter LXVIII: On the Noble and Magnificent City of Kin-Sai |year=1908 |pages=290–310 |access-date=October 16, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160402140626/http://archive.org/stream/marcopolo00polouoft#page/290/mode/2up |archive-date=April 2, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> and that the "12,000 stone bridges" might have been a copyist error born from the city's 12 gates.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o1KXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |title= Marco Polo's Journey to China |first = Diana |last = Childress |date= January 2013 |publisher= Twenty-First Century Books |isbn = 9781467703796 |access-date = October 16, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181216144808/https://books.google.com/books?id=o1KXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |archive-date= December 16, 2018 |url-status= live }}</ref> In the 14th century, the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] arrived; his later account concurred that '''al-Khansā''' was "the biggest city I have ever seen on the face of the earth."<ref>{{Cite book| last = Dunn| first = Ross E.| author-link=Ross E. Dunn| title = The Adventures of Ibn Battuta| publisher = University of California Press| year = 2005| isbn=978-0-520-24385-9| page = 260}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Elliott|first=Michael |url = http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2084273_2084272_2084481,00.html |title=The Enduring Message of Hangzhou |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=2011-07-21|access-date=2011-11-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120117180753/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2084273_2084272_2084481,00.html |archive-date=January 17, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=Ibn>{{cite book |last=Battutah |first=Ibn |title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah |year=2002|publisher=Picador |location=London|isbn=9780330418799 |pages=268, 323 }}</ref> He visited Hangzhou in 1345 and noted its charm and described how the city [[West Lake|sat on a beautiful lake]] and was surrounded by gentle green hills.<ref>{{cite web |last=Elliott |first=Michael |date=July 21, 2011 |title=Summer Journey 2011 |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2084273_2084272_2084481,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117180753/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2084273_2084272_2084481,00.html |archive-date=January 17, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2011 |via=www.time.com |df=mdy-all}}</ref> He was particularly impressed by the large number of well-crafted and well-painted Chinese wooden ships with colored sails and silk awnings in the canals. He attended a banquet held by Qurtai, the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] Mongol administrator of the city, who according to Ibn Battuta, was fond of the skills of local Chinese [[Evocation|conjurer]]s.<ref>The Travels of Ibn Battuta Volume 4 pp. 904, 967 (The Hakluyt Society 1994, British Library)</ref>

[[File:Hangzhou (15730606661).jpg|thumb|center|800px|[[West Lake]]|alt=]]