Editing Hand fan (section)

==== China ====
{{See also|Hanfu accessories}}
[[File:Replica of a Short-handled Bamboo Fan Unearthed in No.1 Warring States Tomb of Mashan Brickfield in Jiangling, Hubei Province 2013-07.JPG|thumb|Replica of a short-handled bamboo fan, [[Warring States period]] Tomb]]
There were many kinds of fans in ancient China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Art of Chinese Fans |url=http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/14/content_73144.htm |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=en.chinaculture.org |page=1}}</ref> The [[Chinese characters|Chinese character]] for "fan" ({{lang|zh|[[wikt:扇|扇]]}}) is etymologically composed of the characters for "door" ({{lang|zh|[[wikt:戶|戶]]}}) and "feather" ({{lang|zh|[[wikt:羽|羽]]}}). Historically, fans have played an important aspect in the life of the [[Han Chinese|Chinese people]].<ref name=":110">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Fans {{!}} Chinese Art Gallery {{!}} China Online Museum |url=http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/painting-fans.php |access-date=2021-03-28 |website=www.chinaonlinemuseum.com}}</ref> The Chinese have used hand-held fans as a way to relieve themselves during hot days since the ancient times; the fans are also an embodiment of the wisdom of [[Chinese culture]] and art.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Qian |first=Gonglin |title=Chinese fans: artistry and aesthetics |date=2004 |publisher=Long River Press |isbn=978-1-59265-020-0 |location=San Francisco |language=English |oclc=867778328}}</ref> They were also used for ceremonial and ritual purposes<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Fan — History, Tradition, and Culture {{!}} ChinaFetching |url=https://www.chinafetching.com/chinese-fan |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=ChinaFetching.com |language=en}}</ref> and as a sartorial accessory when wearing {{transliteration|zh|[[hanfu]]}}.<ref name=":110" /> They were also carriers of Chinese traditional arts and literature and were representative of its user's personal aesthetic sense and their social status.<ref name=":2" /> Specific concepts of status and gender were associated with types of fans in Chinese history, but generally folding fans were reserved for males while rigid fans were for females.

In ancient China, fans came in various shapes and forms (such as in a leaf, oval or a half-moon shape), and were made in different materials such as [[silk]], [[bamboo]], and [[feather]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chinese Hand Fans |url=http://www.hand-fan.org/chinese_hand_fans.html |work=hand-fan.org |access-date=2012-06-28 |archive-date=2019-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202022038/http://www.hand-fan.org/chinese_hand_fans.html }}</ref> So far, the earliest fans that have been found date to the [[Spring and Autumn period|Spring and Autumn]] and [[Warring States period]]. It was suggested by the Cultural Relics Archaeology Institute of Hubei Province that these fans were made of either bamboo or feathers and were oftentimes used as burial objects in the [[Chu (state)|State of Chu]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Qian |first=Gonglin |title=Chinese fans: artistry and aesthetics |date=2004 |publisher=Long River Press |isbn=1-59265-020-1 |edition=1st |location=San Francisco |oclc=52979000}}</ref>{{rp|3–4}} The oldest existing Chinese fans are a pair of woven bamboo, wood or paper side-mounted fans from the 2nd century BC.<ref>{{cite web |title=articles - brief history of fans |url=http://www.aboutdecorativestyle.com/articles/history_fans.htm |work=aboutdecorativestyle.com}}</ref> The Chinese form of the feather fan, known as {{transliteration|zh|yushan}}, was a row of feathers mounted in the end of a handle. The arts of fan making eventually progressed to the point that by the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]], fans could come in different shapes and could be made in different materials.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|5}} The selling of hexagonal-shaped fan was also recorded in the ''[[Book of Jin]]''.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|5}}

In later centuries, [[Chinese poetry|Chinese poems]] and four-word idioms were used to decorate fans, using [[Chinese calligraphy]] pens. The Chinese dancing fan was developed in the 7th century.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" caption="Chinese hand fans">
File:Zhuge Liang right 2016 Temple of Marquis Wu (Chengdu).jpg|Statue of [[Zhuge Liang]] holding a feather fan inside a temple
File:Circular Silk Fan with "Cat and Calligraphy" and a Wooden Handle 2013-07.JPG|An [[hexagon]]al rigid fan with a Chinese painting of a cat and a calligraphy, late [[Qing dynasty]]
</gallery>

===== {{transliteration|zh|Wumingshan}} =====
[[File:Taizong1.jpg|thumb|Female attendants of [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Emperor Taizong]] holding large oblong fans known as {{transliteration|zh|wumingshan}} or {{transliteration|zh|zhangshan}}]]
The most ancient ritual Chinese fan is the {{transliteration|zh|wumingshan}}, also known as {{transliteration|zh|zhangshan}}, which is believed to have been invented by [[Emperor Shun]].<ref name=":2" /> It is characterized with a long handle and the fan looks like a [[door]] in shape.<ref name=":2" /> This type of fan was used for ceremonial purposes.<ref name=":2" /> While its shape evolved throughout the millennia, it remained used as a symbol of imperial power and authority; it continued to be used until the fall of the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref name=":2" />

===== {{transliteration|zh|Tuanshan}} =====
Silk round-shaped fans are called {{transliteration|zh|[[tuanshan]]}} ({{lang|zh|[[wikt:团扇|团扇]]}}), also known as "fans of reunion"; it is a type of "rigid fan".<ref name=":110" /><ref name=":1" />{{Rp|5}} These types of fans were mostly used by women in the [[Tang dynasty]] and were  later introduced into [[Japan]].<ref name=":113">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-04 |title=A Brief Introduction to Hanfu's Fans Culture - 2021 |url=https://www.newhanfu.com/886.html |access-date=2021-03-28 |website=www.newhanfu.com |language=en-US}}</ref> These round fans remained mainstream even after the growing popularity of the folding fans.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|8, 12–16}} Round fans with [[Chinese painting]]s and with calligraphy became very popular in the [[Song dynasty]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|8, 12–16}} During the Song dynasty, famous artists were often commissioned to paint fans. Lacquer fans were also one of the unique handcraft of the Song dynasty.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|16}}

Chinese brides also used a type of moon-shaped round fan in a [[Traditional Chinese marriage|traditional Chinese wedding]] called {{transliteration|zh|queshan}}.<ref name=":2" /> The ceremonial rite of {{transliteration|zh|queshan}} was an important ceremony in Chinese wedding: the bride would hold it in front of her face to hide her shyness, to remain mysterious, and as a way to exorcise evil spirits.<ref name=":2" /> After all the other wedding ceremonies were completed and after the groom had impressed the bride, the bride would then proceed in revealing her face to the groom by removing the {{transliteration|zh|queshan}} from her face.<ref name=":2" />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" caption="Chinese hand fans">
File:Circular Silk Fan with the Calligraphy & Painting and a Lacquered Handle 2013-07.JPG|A round fan with a Chinese painting, a type of rigid fan; late Qing dynasty.
File:Chen Hongshou, Appreciating Plums, detail.jpg|A woman holding a flat oval fan with a [[Chinese painting]] from the painting "Appreciating Plums" by [[Chen Hongshou]] (1598–1652)
</gallery>

===== {{transliteration|zh|Pukuishan}} =====
[[File:Chinese-palm-fan.jpg|thumb|A {{transliteration|zh|[[pukuishan]]}}, a type of Chinese fan made with [[Livistona chinensis|palm]] weaving]]
Another popular type of Chinese fan was the palm leaf fan {{transliteration|zh|[[pukuishan]]}} ({{Lang-zh|c=蒲葵扇}}), also known as {{transliteration|zh|pushan}} ({{Lang-zh|c=蒲扇}}), which was made of the leaves and stalks of {{transliteration|zh|pukui}} (''[[Livistona chinensis]]'').<ref name=":113" />

===== {{transliteration|zh|Zheshan}} =====
The folding fan ({{lang-zh|折扇|zheshan|label=none}}), invented in Japan, was later introduced to the Chinese in the 10th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panati |first=Charles |title=Panati's extraordinary origins of everyday things |date=2016 |publisher=Book Sales |isbn=978-0-7858-3437-3 |language=English |oclc=962329974}}</ref><ref name=":0" />{{Rp|12}} In 988 AD, folding fans were first introduced in China by a Japanese monk from [[Japan]] as a tribute during the [[Northern Song dynasty]]; these folding fans became very fashionable in China by the [[Song dynasty|Southern Song dynasty]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|8, 12–16}} The folding fans were referred to as "Japanese fans" by the Chinese.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|15}} While the folding fans gained popularity, the traditional silk round fans continued to remain mainstream in the Song dynasty.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|16}} The folding fan later became very fashionable in the [[Ming dynasty]];<ref name=":110" /> however, folding fans were met with resistance because they were believed to be intended for the lower-class people and servants.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|17}}

The Chinese also innovated the design of the folding fan by creating the {{lang|fr|brisé}} fan ('broken fan').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yarwood |first=Doreen |title=Illustrated encyclopedia of world costume |date=2011 |publisher=Dover Publications, Inc |isbn=978-0-486-43380-6 |location=Mineola, N.Y. |oclc=678535823}}</ref>{{Rp|161}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" caption="Chinese hand fans">
File:Folding fan with daylilies, rocks, and a poem, painted by the Qianlong emperor for Empress Dowager Chongqing, China, 1762 AD, ink and color on paper, bamboo - Peabody Essex Museum - DSC07993.jpg|Folding fan with a [[Chinese painting]] and a [[Chinese poetry|Chinese poem]], painted by the [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong emperor]] for his mother [[Empress Xiaoshengxian|Empress Dowager Xiaoshengxian]], [[Qing dynasty]], 1762 AD
File:Kongfu fan.jpg|Chinese folding fans used in the performance of [[Kung Fu]]
File:Non electric fan aka solfjader.jpg|Brisé fan, a typical commercially produced scented wood folding fan; this one features a painting of the [[Great Wall of China]]
File:Fan, Chinese, early 1600s, view 2 - Fan Room, Alcázar of Seville, Spain - DSC07300.JPG|Chinese folding fan, early 1600s, [[Spain]]
</gallery>

===== Foreign export =====
From the late 18th century until 1845, trade between America and China flourished. During this period, Chinese fans reached the peak of their popularity in America; popular fans among American women were the {{lang|fr|brisé}} fan, and fans made of palm leaf, feather, and paper.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Nancy E. |title=The Chinese lady: Afong Moy in early America |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-19-093727-0 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=1089978299}}</ref>{{Rp|84}} The most popular type during this period appeared to have been the palm leaf fan.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|84}} The custom of using fans among the American middle class and by ladies was attributed to this Chinese influence.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|84}}