Editing Hagia Sophia (section)

===Mosque (1453–1935)===
[[File:Turkey-3052 (2216463731).jpg|thumb|The ''mihrab'' located in the apse where the altar used to stand, pointing towards Mecca. The two giant candlesticks flanking the mihrab were brought in from [[Ottoman Hungary]] by Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].]]
[[Constantinople]] fell to the attacking Ottoman forces on 29 May 1453. [[Sultan Mehmed II|Sultan Mehmed&nbsp;II]] entered the city and performed the [[Friday prayer]] and ''[[khutbah]]'' (sermon) in Hagia Sophia.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9M6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |title=Contested Spaces, Common Ground: Space and Power Structures in Contemporary Multireligious Societies |date=2016-10-27 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-32580-7 |language=en}}</ref> The church's priests and religious personnel continued to perform Christian rites, prayers, and ceremonies until they were compelled to stop by the invaders.<ref name="Runciman-1965b" /> When Mehmed and his entourage entered the church, he ordered that it be converted into a mosque immediately. One of the [[Ulama|''ʿulamāʾ'']] (Islamic scholars) present climbed onto the church's ambo and recited the ''[[shahada]]'' ("There is no god but Allah, and [[Muhammad]] is his messenger"), thus marking the [[Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques|conversion of the church into a mosque]].<ref name="mw91" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Runciman |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAzntP0lg58C |title=The Fall of Constantinople 1453 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1965 |isbn=978-0-521-39832-9 |pages=149 |language=en}}</ref> Mehmed is reported to have taken a sword to a soldier who tried to pry up one of the paving slabs of the Proconnesian marble floor.<ref name="Barry-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Barry |first=Fabio |date=2007 |title=Walking on Water: Cosmic Floors in Antiquity and the Middle Ages |journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=627–656 |doi=10.1080/00043079.2007.10786367 |jstor=25067354 |s2cid=194078403 |issn=0004-3079}}</ref>

As described by Western visitors before 1453, such as the [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoban]] nobleman [[Pero Tafur]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Tafur |first=Pero |author-link=Pero Tafur |others=Trans. M. Letts |title=Travels and Adventures, 1435–1439 |url=https://archive.org/details/ldpd_6352599_000 |publisher=G. Routledge |location=London |year=1926 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ldpd_6352599_000/page/n163 138]–48}}</ref> and the [[Florence|Florentine]] geographer [[Cristoforo Buondelmonti]],<ref>G. Gerola, "Le vedute di Costantinopoli di Cristoforo Buondemonti," SBN 3 (1931): 247–79.</ref> the church was in a dilapidated state, with several of its doors fallen from their hinges. Mehmed&nbsp;II ordered a renovation of the building. Mehmed attended the first Friday prayer in the mosque on 1 June 1453.<ref name="mb288">Mamboury (1953), p. 288.</ref> Aya Sofya became the first imperial mosque of Istanbul.<ref name="ne13">Necipoĝlu (2005), p. 13</ref> Most of the existing houses in the city and the area of the future [[Topkapı Palace]] were endowed to the corresponding [[waqf]].<ref name="mw91" /> From 1478, 2,360 shops, 1,300 houses, 4 [[caravanserai]]s, 30 ''[[boza]]'' shops, and 23 shops of sheep heads and trotters gave their income to the foundation.<ref name="bo145">Boyar & Fleet (2010), p. 145</ref> Through the imperial charters of 1520 and 1547, shops and parts of the [[Grand Bazaar, Istanbul|Grand Bazaar]] and other markets were added to the foundation.<ref name="mw91" />

Before 1481, a small [[minaret]] was erected on the southwest corner of the building, above the stair tower.<ref name="mw91" /> Mehmed's successor [[Bayezid II|Bayezid&nbsp;II]] ({{Reign|1481|1512}}) later built another minaret at the northeast corner.<ref name="mw91" /> One of the minarets collapsed after the [[1509 Istanbul earthquake|earthquake of 1509]],<ref name="mw91" /> and around the middle of the 16th century they were both replaced by two diagonally opposite minarets built at the east and west corners of the edifice.<ref name="mw91" /> In 1498, [[Bernardo Bonsignori]] was the last Western visitor to Hagia Sophia to report seeing the ancient Justinianic floor; shortly afterwards the floor was covered over with carpet and not seen again until the 19th century.<ref name="Barry-2007" />

In the 16th century, Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] ({{Reign|1520|1566}}) brought two colossal candlesticks from his [[Ottoman wars in Europe#1526–1566: Conquest of the Kingdom of Hungary|conquest]] of the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]] and placed them on either side of the ''[[mihrab]]''. During Suleiman's reign, the mosaics above the [[narthex]] and imperial gates depicting Jesus, Mary, and various Byzantine emperors were covered by whitewash and plaster, which were removed in 1930 under the Turkish Republic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gökovali |first=Şadan |title=Istanbul |publisher=Ticaret Matbaacilik T.A.Ş. |location=Istanbul |pages=22–23}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2019}}

[[File:Istanbul Fountain IMG 8022 1920.jpg|thumb|left|Fountain (''Şadırvan'') for ritual ablutions|alt=]]

During the reign of [[Selim II|Selim&nbsp;II]] ({{Reign|1566|1574}}), the building started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by Ottoman architect [[Mimar Sinan]], who was also an earthquake engineer.<ref name="earthquake">{{cite book |title=Hagia Sophia and Mimar Sinan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6j5nuvAd44QC&q=Sinan+earthquake+%22Hagia+Sophia%22&pg=PA383 |last=Mungan |first=I. |year=2004 |pages=383–84 |publisher=Mungan & Wittek (eds); Taylor & Francis Group, London |isbn=978-90-5809-642-5}}</ref> In addition to strengthening the historic Byzantine structure, Sinan built two additional large minarets at the western end of the building, the original sultan's lodge and the [[türbe]] (mausoleum) of Selim&nbsp;II to the southeast of the building in 1576–1577. In order to do that, parts of the Patriarchate at the south corner of the building were pulled down the previous year.<ref name="mw91" /> Moreover, the golden [[Crescent#In the Islamic World|crescent]] was mounted on the top of the dome,<ref name="mw91" /> and a respect zone 35 ''[[Ottoman units of measurement|arşın]]'' (about 24&nbsp;m) wide was imposed around the building, leading to the demolition of all houses within the perimeter.<ref name="mw91" /> The türbe became the location of the tombs of 43 Ottoman princes.<ref name="mw91" /> [[Murad III]] ({{Reign|1574|1595}}) imported two large [[alabaster]] Hellenistic [[urns]] from [[Pergamon]] ([[Bergama]]) and placed them on two sides of the nave.<ref name="mw91" />

In 1594 ''Mimar'' (court architect) [[Davud Ağa]] built the türbe of Murad III, where the Sultan and his [[Valide sultan|''valide'']], [[Safiye Sultan (wife of Murad III)|Safiye Sultan]] were buried.<ref name="mw91" /> The octagonal mausoleum of their son [[Mehmed III]] ({{Reign|1595|1603}}) and his ''valide'' was built next to it in 1608 by royal architect Dalgiç Mehmet Aĝa.<ref name="mw93">Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 93.</ref> His son [[Mustafa I|Mustafa&nbsp;I]] ({{Reign|1617|1618|1622|1623}}) converted the baptistery into his türbe.<ref name="mw93" />

In 1717, under the reign of Sultan [[Ahmed III]] ({{Reign|1703|1730}}), the crumbling plaster of the interior was renovated, contributing indirectly to the preservation of many mosaics, which otherwise would have been destroyed by mosque workers.<ref name="mw93" /> It was usual for the mosaic's [[tesserae]]—believed to be [[talisman]]s—to be sold to visitors.<ref name="mw93" /> Sultan [[Mahmud I|Mahmud&nbsp;I]] ordered the restoration of the building in 1739 and added a ''[[madrasah|medrese]]'' (a Koranic school, subsequently the library of the museum), an ''[[imaret]]'' (soup kitchen for distribution to the poor) and a library, and in 1740 he added a ''[[Sadirvan|Şadirvan]]'' (fountain for ritual ablutions), thus transforming it into a ''[[külliye]]'', or social complex. A new sultan's lodge and a new mihrab were built inside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts About Hagia Sophia {{!}} Discover A Historic Masterpiece! |url=https://hagiasophiatickets.com/facts |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=hagiasophiatickets.com |language=en}}</ref>

====Renovation of 1847–1849====
[[File:Istanbul - Santa Sofia - Medalló.JPG|thumb|Calligraphy with the name of the 4th Rashidun Caliph [[Ali]], one of eight medallions added in the 19th century]]
The 19th-century restoration of the Hagia Sophia was ordered by Sultan [[Abdulmejid I|Abdulmejid&nbsp;I]] ({{Reign|1823|1861}}) and completed between 1847 and 1849 by eight hundred workers under the supervision of the [[Ticino|Swiss-Italian]] architect brothers [[Fossati brothers|Gaspare and Giuseppe Fossati]]. The brothers consolidated the dome with a restraining iron chain and strengthened the vaults, straightened the columns, and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior of the building.<ref name="Turkish Cultural Foundation">{{Cite web |publisher=Turkish Cultural Foundation |title=The Fossati brothers |url=http://www.turkishculture.org/architecture/architects/the-fossati-brothers-959.htm |access-date=2020-07-26}}</ref> The mosaics in the upper gallery were exposed and cleaned, although many were recovered "for protection against further damage".<ref name="groveenc">{{cite book |last1=Bloom |first1=Jonathan |last2=Blair |first2=Sheila |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press USA |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |page=324 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA324 |language=en |chapter=Istanbul}}</ref>

Eight new gigantic circular-framed discs or [[Medallion (architecture)|medallions]] were hung from the [[cornice]], on each of the four piers and at either side of the apse and the west doors. These were designed by the calligrapher [[Kazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi]] and painted with the names of [[Allah]], [[Muhammad]], the [[Rashidun]] (the first four caliphs), and the two grandsons of Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-29 |title=Hagia Sophia - Meaning, Mosque & Istanbul |url=https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/hagia-sophia |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> In 1850, the architects Fossati built a new [[maqsura]] or caliphal loge in [[Neo-Byzantine architecture|Neo-Byzantine]] columns and an Ottoman–Rococo style marble grille connecting to the royal pavilion behind the mosque.<ref name="Turkish Cultural Foundation" /> The new maqsura was built at the extreme east end of the northern aisle, next to the north-eastern pier. The existing maqsura in the apse, near the mihrab, was demolished.<ref name="Turkish Cultural Foundation" /> A new entrance was constructed for the sultan: the {{Langx|tr|Hünkar Mahfili|label=none}}.<ref name="Turkish Cultural Foundation" /> The Fossati brothers also renovated the [[minbar]] and [[mihrab]].

Outside the main building, the minarets were repaired and altered so that they were of equal height.<ref name="groveenc" /> A clock building, the {{Langx|tr|Muvakkithane|label=none}}, was built by the Fossatis for use by the [[muwaqqit]] (the mosque timekeeper), and a new [[madrasa]] (Islamic school) was constructed. The {{Langx|tr|Kasr-ı Hümayun|label=none}} was also built under their direction.<ref name="Turkish Cultural Foundation" /> When the restoration was finished, the mosque was re-opened with a ceremony on 13 July 1849.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2020-09-11 |title=Architectural Adventure of Hagia Sophia |url=https://architecture-news.com/architectural-adventure-of-hagia-sophia/ |access-date=2021-07-29 |website=Architecture News |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729101359/https://architecture-news.com/architectural-adventure-of-hagia-sophia/ |archive-date=2021-07-29}}</ref> An edition of [[lithographs]] from drawings made during the Fossatis' work on Hagia Sophia was published in [[London]] in 1852, entitled: ''Aya Sophia of Constantinople as Recently Restored by Order of H.M. The Sultan Abdulmejid''.<ref name="Turkish Cultural Foundation" />

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200" caption="Gaspare Fossati's Hagia Sophia (lithographs by Louis Haghe)">
File:Façade principale de Ste Sophie, prise de la cour du médressé - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Main (western) façade of Hagia Sophia, seen from courtyard of the ''madrasa'' of [[Mahmud I|Mahmud&nbsp;I]]. Lithograph by [[Louis Haghe]] after Gaspard Fossati (1852).
File:Aya Sofia, Constantinople (BM 1889,0603.107).jpg|South-eastern side, seen from the Imperial Gate of the [[Topkapı Palace]], with the [[Fountain of Ahmed III]] on the left and the [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque]] in the distance. Lithograph by Louis Haghe after Gaspard Fossati (1852).
File:Vue de la nouvelle tribune impériale, prise entre les colonnes d'Ephèze, et ensuite de face - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|The imperial lodge ({{Abbreviation|b|built}} 1850)
File:Aya Sofia, Constantinople (BM 1889,0603.120).jpg|[[Fossati brothers|Gaspare Fossati]]'s 1852 depiction of the Hagia Sophia, after his and his brother's renovation. Lithograph by [[Louis Haghe]].
File:L'intérieur et l'extérieur de la mosquée, avant sa restauration - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Nave before restoration, facing east
File:Vue générale de la grande nef, en regardant l'orient - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Nave and apse after restoration, facing east
File:Gaspare Fossati - Louis Haghe - Vue générale de la grande nef, en regardant l'occident (Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya Mosque nave).jpg|Nave and entrance after restoration, facing west
File:Nartex, ou Porche - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Narthex, facing north
File:Entrée principale de la mosquée - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Exonarthex, facing north
File:Vue de l'entrée du côté du nord - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|North aisle from the entrance, facing east
File:Vue prise du même point, en regardant le porche - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|North aisle, facing west
File:Vue centrale de la nef du nord - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Nave and south aisle from the north aisle
File:Entrée du gynécée, ou galerie supérieure - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Northern gallery and entrance to the ''matroneum'' from the north-west
File:Vues dans la même gallerie, prises dans l'angle sud-ouest - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Southern gallery from the south-west
File:Vue du fond de la galerie, du côté oriental - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Southern gallery from the Marble Door facing west
File:Centre de la galerie - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Southern gallery from the Marble Door facing east
</gallery>

==== Occupation of Istanbul (1918–1923) ====
[[File:Averof painting 1919 Bosporus.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Hellenic Navy|RHS]] ''[[Greek cruiser Georgios Averof|Georgios Averof]]'' enters the [[Golden Horn]] in 1919, during the Allied [[occupation of Constantinople]], with Hagia Sophia visible in the background ({{Interlanguage link|Λυκούργος Κογεβίνας|lt=Lycourgos Kogevinas|el||WD=}}, [[National Historical Museum, Athens]])]]
In the aftermath of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War&nbsp;I, Constantinople was [[Occupation of Istanbul|occupied]] by British, French, Italian, and Greek forces. On {{date|1919/01/19}}, the Greek Orthodox Christian military priest [[Eleftherios Noufrakis]] performed an unauthorized [[Divine Liturgy]] in the Hagia Sophia, the only such instance since the 1453 fall of Constantinople.<ref name="Stivaktakis 2004">{{cite web |last=Stivaktakis |first=Anthony E. |title=The Last Divine Liturgy in Hagia Sophia of 1919 |website=www.johnsanidopoulos.com |date=2004-02-27 |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2015/06/the-last-divine-liturgy-in-hagia-sophia.html |access-date=2022-08-08}}</ref> The anti-occupation [[Sultanahmet demonstrations]] were held next to Hagia Sophia from March to May 1919. In Greece, the 500 [[Modern drachma|drachma]] banknotes issued in 1923 featured Hagia Sophia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=500 Drachmai |url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/note262487.html |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Numista}}</ref>