Editing HAL 9000 (section)

==Concept and creation==
[[File:HAL 9000 Original requisite from 2001 A Space Odyssey - retouche.jpg|thumb|upright|HAL faceplate (from a museum exhibition)<!--Only sources available on this object show it is a replica created by Dennis Gilliam -->]]
Clarke noted that the first film was criticized for having HAL as its only interesting character, and that a great deal of the establishing story on Earth was cut from the film (and even from Clarke's novel).<ref>Clarke, 1972 pp77–79</ref> Clarke stated that he had considered Autonomous Mobile Explorer–5 as a name for the computer, then decided on [[Socrates]] when writing early drafts, switching in later drafts to [[Athena]], a computer with a female personality, before settling on HAL 9000.<ref name=Clarkep78>Clarke, 1972 p78</ref> The Socrates name was later used in Clarke and [[Stephen Baxter (author)|Stephen Baxter]]'s ''[[A Time Odyssey]]'' novel series.

The earliest draft depicted Socrates as a roughly humanoid robot, and is introduced as overseeing Project [[Morpheus (mythology)|Morpheus]], which studied prolonged hibernation in preparation for long term space flight.  As a demonstration to ''Senator'' Floyd, Socrates' designer, Dr. Bruno Forster, asks Socrates to turn off the oxygen to hibernating subjects Kaminski and Whitehead, which Socrates refuses, citing [[Isaac Asimov|Asimov's]] [[Laws of Robotics|First Law of Robotics]].<ref>Clarke, 1972 Chapter 12</ref>

In a later version, in which Bowman and Whitehead are the non-hibernating crew of ''Discovery'', Whitehead dies outside the spacecraft after his pod collides with the main antenna, tearing it free. This triggers the need for Bowman to revive Poole, but the revival does not go according to plan, and after briefly awakening, Poole dies. The computer, named [[Athena]] in this draft, announces "All systems of Poole now No–Go. It will be necessary to replace him with a spare unit."<ref>Clarke, 1972 pp149–150</ref> After this, Bowman decides to go out in a pod and retrieve the antenna, which is moving away from the ship. Athena refuses to allow him to leave the ship, citing "Directive 15" which prevents it from being left unattended, forcing him to make program modifications during which time the antenna drifts further.<ref>Clarke, 1972 pp159–160</ref>

During rehearsals Kubrick asked [[Stefanie Powers]] to supply the voice of HAL 9000 while searching for a suitably androgynous voice so the actors had something to react to. On the set, British actor [[Nigel Davenport]] played HAL.<ref>{{Cite book| last= Powers| first= Stefanie| title= One from the Hart| pages= [https://archive.org/details/onefromhart00powe/page/66 66–69]| publisher= Simon and Schuster| date= 2010| isbn= 978-1-4391-7210-0| url-access= registration| url= https://archive.org/details/onefromhart00powe/page/66}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title= Stanley Kubrick: A Biography| first= Vincent |last= LoBrutto |page= 278}}</ref> When it came to dubbing HAL in post-production, Kubrick had originally cast [[Martin Balsam]], but as he felt Balsam "just sounded a little bit too colloquially American", he was replaced with [[Douglas Rain]], who "had the kind of bland mid-Atlantic accent we felt was right for the part".<ref>{{cite book |title=The film director as superstar |url=https://archive.org/details/filmdirectorassu0000gelm |url-access=registration |last=Gelmis |first=Joseph |page=[https://archive.org/details/filmdirectorassu0000gelm/page/306 306] |date=1970 |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |oclc=52379 }}</ref> Rain was only handed HAL's lines instead of the full script, and recorded them across a day and a half.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.wired.com/1997/01/ffhal/ | magazine=Wired | first=Simson | last=Garfinkel| title=Happy Birthday, Hal }}</ref>

HAL's [[point of view shot]]s were created with a [[Cinerama]] Fairchild-Curtis [[wide-angle lens]] with a 160° [[angle of view]]. This lens is about {{convert|8|in|cm}} in diameter, while HAL's on set [[Theatrical property|prop]] eye lens is about {{convert|3|in|cm}} in diameter. [[Stanley Kubrick]] chose to use the large Fairchild-Curtis lens to shoot the HAL 9000 POV shots because he needed a wide-angle [[fisheye lens]] that would fit onto his shooting camera, and this was the only such lens at the time. The Fairchild-Curtis lens has a focal length of {{convert|0.9|in|mm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} with a maximum aperture of {{f/}}2.0 and a weight of approximately {{convert|30|lb|abbr=on}}; it was originally designed by Felix Bednarz<ref>{{cite patent |inventor=Felix L Bednarz |assign=Bank of America NA |pridate=13 December 1961 |gdate=25 January 1966 |status=patent |country=US |number=3230826 |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3230826 |title=Wide angle lens system}} {{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3230826 |title=US3230826A - Wide angle lens system - Google Patents |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122123337/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3230826 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> with a maximum aperture of {{f/}}2.2 for the first Cinerama 360 film, ''Journey to the Stars'', shown at the [[1962 Seattle World's Fair]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.in70mm.com/cinerama/archive/journey/ |title=Journey To The Stars |last=Scot |first=Darrin |date=June 1963 |magazine=American Cinematographer |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224442/https://www.in70mm.com/cinerama/archive/journey/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bednarz adapted the lens design from an earlier lens he had designed for military training to simulate human peripheral vision coverage.<ref>{{cite patent |inventor=Felix L Bednarz |assign=Felix L Bednarz |pridate=25 September 1952 |gdate=7 May 1957 |status=patent |country=US |number=2791153 |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2791153 |title=Wide angle lens system}} {{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2791153 |title=US2791153A - Wide angle lens system - Google Patents |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122123347/https://patents.google.com/patent/US2791153 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> The lens was later recomputed for the second Cinerama 360 film ''[[To the Moon and Beyond]]'', which had a slightly different film format. ''To the Moon and Beyond'' was produced by Graphic Films and shown at the [[1964/1965 New York World's Fair]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.in70mm.com/news/2014/mitchell_book/_images/WSMC20.pdf#page=18 |title=''Wide Screen Movies'' Corrections |last=Sherlock |first=Daniel J. |date=December 2004 |website=in70mm.com |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315042727/http://in70mm.com/news/2014/mitchell_book/_images/WSMC20.pdf#page=18 |url-status=live }}</ref> where Kubrick watched it; afterwards, he was so impressed that he hired the same creative team from Graphic Films (consisting of [[Douglas Trumbull]], [[Lester Novros]], and Con Pederson) to work on ''2001''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2656/graphic-films-and-the-inception-of-2001-a-space-odyssey |title=Graphic Films and the Inception of ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' |author=Miller, Barbara |date=23 February 2016 |publisher=Museum of the Moving Image |work=Sloan Science and Film |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921180606/http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2656/graphic-films-and-the-inception-of-2001-a-space-odyssey |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/3055/cinerama-and-2001-a-space-odyssey |title=Cinerama and ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' |author=Epstein, Sonia Shechet |date=28 February 2018 |publisher=Museum of the Moving Image |work=Sloan Science and Film |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114225744/http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/3055/cinerama-and-2001-a-space-odyssey |url-status=live }}</ref>

A HAL 9000 face plate, without lens (not the same as the hero face plates seen in the film), was discovered in a junk shop in Paddington, London, in the early 1970s by Chris Randall.<ref>{{cite web |last=Randall |first=Chris |title=The original HAL 9000 film prop for sale by auction London 25th November |url=http://www.sciencefictionbuzz.com/the-original-hal-9000-film-prop-for-sale-by-auction-london-25th-november.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303213606/http://www.sciencefictionbuzz.com/the-original-hal-9000-film-prop-for-sale-by-auction-london-25th-november.html |archive-date=2024-03-03}}</ref> This was found along with the key to HAL's Brain Room. Both items were purchased for ten shillings (£0.50).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/ZEXOQzEvQKSSbyvTodCA2A |title=HAL 9000 from 2001 - A Space Odyssey |author=Mitchell, Chris |date=24 June 2010 |publisher=The British Museum/BBC |work=A History of the World |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120223046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/ZEXOQzEvQKSSbyvTodCA2A |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/7WrwR018RSGA02ynA5lNXQ |title=HAL 9000 - 2001 - A Space Odyssey |last=Mitchell |first=Chris |date=20 October 2010 |publisher=The British Museum/BBC |work=A History of the World |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107153911/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/7WrwR018RSGA02ynA5lNXQ |url-status=live }}</ref> Research revealed that the original lens was a Fisheye Nikkor 8&nbsp;mm {{f/}}8.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.therpf.com/f9/hal-9000-panel-2001-space-odyssey-pg-119324 |title=HAL 9000 Panel (2001:A Space Odyssey) |access-date=4 September 2016 |archive-date=3 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903192803/http://www.therpf.com/f9/hal-9000-panel-2001-space-odyssey-pg-119324/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The collection was sold at a [[Christie's]] auction in 2010 for £17,500<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.christies.com/about/press-center/releases/pressrelease.aspx?pressreleaseid=4423|title=RESULTS: Pop Culture-Film and Entertainment Memorabilia|website=christies.com|publisher=[[Christie's]]|access-date=12 March 2012|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220839/http://www.christies.com/about/press-center/releases/pressrelease.aspx?pressreleaseid=4423|url-status=live}}</ref> to film director [[Peter Jackson]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Savage|first1=Adam|title=Adam Savage Tours Peter Jackson's Movie Prop Collection!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkwTVbqH-88|website=Youtube|date=16 November 2016 |publisher=Tested|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115050256/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkwTVbqH-88|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Origin of name===
[[File:HAL 9000.JPG|thumb|A loose replica of HAL 9000 on exhibit at the [[Carnegie Science Center]]]]
HAL's name, according to Clarke, is derived from ''H''euristically programmed ''AL''gorithmic computer.<ref name=Clarkep78/>{{r|clarke198807}}<ref name="Meaning"/> After the film was released, fans noticed HAL was a one-letter shift from the name [[IBM]] and there has been much speculation since then that this was a dig at the large computer company,<ref>Ted Friedman, Electric Dreams: Computers in American Culture, NYU Press - 2005, page 101</ref><ref name="atlantic">{{cite news| url= https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/the-letter-stanley-kubrick-wrote-about-ibm-and-hal/266848/| first= Alexis C. | last= Madrigal |author-link = Alexis Madrigal| title= The Letter Stanley Kubrick Wrote About IBM and HAL | newspaper = [[The Atlantic]]  | date= 4 January 2013 | access-date= 19 August 2023 | archive-date= 4 January 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130104205649/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/the-letter-stanley-kubrick-wrote-about-ibm-and-hal/266848/ | url-status= live}}</ref> something that both Clarke<ref name="clarke198807">{{Cite magazine |last=Clarke |first=Arthur C. |date=July 1988 |title=Vindication at Last |url=https://archive.org/details/byte-1988-07_202104/page/n25/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=2025-04-12 |department=Letters |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |page=22}}</ref> and Kubrick denied.<ref name="Meaning"/> Clarke addressed the issue in ''The Lost Worlds of 2001'':<ref name=Clarkep78/>
<blockquote> ...about once a week some character spots the fact that HAL is one letter ahead of IBM, and promptly assumes that Stanley and I were taking a crack at the estimable institution ... As it happened, IBM had given us a good deal of help, so we were quite embarrassed by this, and would have changed the name had we spotted the coincidence.</blockquote>
IBM was consulted during the making of the film and its logo can be seen on props in the film, including the Pan Am Clipper's cockpit instrument panel and on the lower arm keypad on Poole's space suit. During production it was brought to IBM's attention that the film's plot included a homicidal computer, but the company approved association with the film if it was clear any "equipment failure" was not related to IBM products.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/01/07/hal_9000_ibm_theory_stanley_kubrick_letters_shed_new_light_on_old_debate.html| first= Aisha| last= Harris| title= Is HAL Really IBM?| website= Slate.com| date= 7 January 2013| access-date= 17 November 2016| archive-date= 8 November 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151108005742/http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/01/07/hal_9000_ibm_theory_stanley_kubrick_letters_shed_new_light_on_old_debate.html| url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/01/does-ibm-know-that-hal-is-psychotic.html| work= Letters of Note| title= Does IBM Know HAL is Psychotic?| date= 4 January 2013| access-date= 30 May 2019| archive-date= 30 May 2019| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190530192601/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/01/does-ibm-know-that-hal-is-psychotic.html| url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="atlantic"/>

In the movie HAL identifies himself as being activated at a "HAL" plant in Urbana, Illinois.<ref>"I am a HAL 9000 computer. I became operational at the H-A-L plant in Urbana Illinois on the 12th of January 1992."{{cn|date=March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Deactivating Hal 9000 HD (COMPLETE) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgkyrW2NiwM |access-date=30 May 2019 |website= |via=YouTube}}</ref> An actual company called HAL Communications Corporation was founded in [[Champaign, Illinois|Champaign]] in 1972<ref>[https://pitchbook.com/profiles/company/230207-95#patents Hal Communications], pitchbook.com</ref> and relocated to Urbana a year later when it outgrew its original facility.<ref name=qcwa>[https://www.qcwa.org/k9gwt-16225-sk.htm HAL HISTORY, HAL Devices - HAL Communications Corp.], Bill Henry, President HAL Communications, Quarter Century Wireless Association</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= History - HAL Communications Corp. |url= http://www.halcomm.com/about/history/ |website= HALComm.com |access-date= 14 October 2018 |quote= Initially starting as HAL Devices in 1966 ... HAL Communications Corp. outgrew its existing 2,000 square-foot facility in Champaign and purchased a larger building in Urbana. |archive-date= 13 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181013235000/http://www.halcomm.com/about/history/ |url-status= live }}</ref>  

The former president of HAL Communications, Bill Henry, has stated that any reference to the real company is a coincidence: "There was not and never has been any connection to 'Hal', Arthur Clarke's intelligent computer in the screen play '2001' — later published as a book. We were very surprised when the movie hit the Coed Theatre on campus and discovered that the movie's computer had our name. We never had any problems with that similarity - 'Hal' for the movie and 'HAL' (all caps) for our small company. But, from time-to-time, we did have issues with others trying to use 'HAL'. That resulted in us paying lawyers. The offenders folded or eventually went out of business."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bill |first1=Henry |title=HAL HISTORY |url=https://www.smecc.org/rtty_ratt_radio_teletype.htm |website=smecc.org |publisher=Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129051217/http://www.smecc.org/rtty_ratt_radio_teletype.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Henry also explains the possible source of the false claim that the name HAL was chosen by the ''2001'' authors to scoop IBM in phone books and industry directories: "The name "HAL" was chosen [in 1972] by the first HAL Devices partner, George Perrine. George said he picked the name because it is "one letter ahead of IBM". Turned out to be a good choice and easy to remember. It also does not seem to have any "nasty translations" into any other language."<ref name=qcwa/>

===Technology===
{{Main|Technologies in 2001: A Space Odyssey{{!}}Technologies in ''2001: A Space Odyssey''}}
The scene in which HAL's consciousness degrades was inspired by Clarke's memory of a [[speech synthesis]] demonstration by physicist [[John Larry Kelly, Jr.]], who used an [[IBM 704]] computer to synthesize speech. Kelly's voice recorder synthesizer ''[[vocoder]]'' recreated the song "[[Daisy Bell]]", with musical accompaniment from [[Max Mathews]].<ref name="bell labs hal">{{cite web |title=Background: Bell Labs Text-to-Speech Synthesis: Then and Now Bell Labs and 'Talking Machines' |url=http://www.bell-labs.com/news/1997/march/5/2.html |publisher=Bell Labs |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401034716/http://www.bell-labs.com/news/1997/march/5/2.html |archive-date=1 April 2014}}</ref>

HAL's capabilities, like all the technology in ''2001'', were based on the speculation of respected scientists. [[Marvin Minsky]], director of the [[MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]] (CSAIL) and one of the most influential researchers in the field, was an adviser on the film set.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/chap2/two3.html |title= Scientist on the Set: An Interview with Marvin Minsky| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071114231025/http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/chap2/two3.html |archive-date=14 November 2007 | access-date= 30 May 2019| first= Marvin | last= Minsky| interviewer= David G. Stork| website= mitpress.mit.edu}}</ref> In the mid-1960s, many [[computer scientist]]s in the field of artificial intelligence were optimistic that machines with HAL's capabilities would exist within a few decades. For example, AI pioneer [[Herbert A. Simon]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] had predicted in 1965 that "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do".<ref>Quoted in {{Crevier 1993}}, p. 109</ref>