Editing Guadeloupe (section)

=== 18th–19th centuries ===

During the [[Seven Years' War]], [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] forces [[Invasion of Guadeloupe (1759)|captured]] and occupied the islands until the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]].<ref name="britannica.com" /> During that time, [[Pointe-à-Pitre]] became a major harbour, and markets in [[British America]] were opened to Guadeloupean sugar, which was traded for foodstuffs and timber. The economy expanded quickly, creating vast wealth for the French colonists.<ref name="lp">{{cite web |title=Guadeloupe > History |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/guadeloupe/background/history/a/nar/4ac48e5e-dc54-42ad-a21c-39c9a1071157/358055 |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416233804/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/guadeloupe/background/history/a/nar/4ac48e5e-dc54-42ad-a21c-39c9a1071157/358055 |url-status=live}}</ref> So prosperous was Guadeloupe at the time that, under the 1763 Treaty of Paris, France forfeited its [[New France|Canadian colonies]] in exchange for the return of Guadeloupe.<ref name="worldatlas" /><ref name="ooth">{{cite web |title=Treaty of Paris, 1763 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=United States Government |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411040534/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris |url-status=live}}</ref> Coffee planting began in the late 1720s,<ref>Auguste Lacour, ''Histoire de la Guadeloupe'', vol. 1 (1635–1789). Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, 1855 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cch7AAAAMAAJ full text at Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213042713/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cch7AAAAMAAJ |date=13 December 2023 }}, p. 236''ff''.</ref> also worked by slaves and, by 1775, [[cocoa bean|cocoa]] had become a major export product as well.<ref name="worldatlas" />

[[File:Combat naval 12 avril 1782-Dumoulin-IMG 5484.JPG|thumb|The [[Battle of the Saintes]] was fought between France and Britain in 1782.]]

The [[French Revolution]] brought chaos to Guadeloupe. Under new revolutionary law, [[Free person of color|freedmen]] were entitled to equal rights. Taking advantage of the chaotic political situation, Britain [[Invasion of Guadeloupe (1794)|captured Guadeloupe]] in 1794. The French responded by sending an expeditionary force under [[Victor Hugues]], which retook the colony by December and abolished slavery.<ref name="britannica.com" /> More than 1,000 French colonists were killed in the aftermath.<ref name="lp" />

[[File:Buste de Louis Delgrès à Matouba.JPG|thumb|right|Bust of Louis Delgrès, leader of the 1802 slave rebellion]]

In 1802, a French expeditionary force under [[Antoine Richepanse]] arrived in Guadeloupe, prompting a rebellion led by Black officers who had until then been the ''de facto'' rulers of the colony.<ref name="britannica.com" /> Richepanse and his troops acted quickly against the rebels, culminating in the [[Battle of Matouba]] on 28 May 1802. Realising they had no chance of success, [[Louis Delgrès]] and his followers committed mass suicide by deliberately exploding their gunpowder stores. A consular decree published on 6 July 1802 discreetly ordered the reestablishment of slavery in Guadeloupe.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Slave women and Resistance in the French Caribbean |first=Bernard |last=Moitt |journal=More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas |editor=David Barry Gaspar |page=[https://archive.org/details/morethanchattelb0000unse/page/243 243] |year=1996 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-33017-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/morethanchattelb0000unse/page/243}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mmoe.llc.ed.ac.uk/en/memory/memorial-homage-delgr%C3%A8s-basse-terre |title=Memorial in homage to Delgrès – Basse Terre – Cartographie des Mémoires de l'Esclavage |publisher=University of Edinburgh |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110021156/https://www.mmoe.llc.ed.ac.uk/en/memory/memorial-homage-delgr%C3%A8s-basse-terre |url-status=dead}}</ref> An insurgency against the French, who officially reestablished slavery in Guadeloupe on 14 May 1803, continued until 1804. In 1810, the British [[Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)|captured the island again]], handing it over to Sweden under the [[Treaty of Stockholm (1813)|1813 Treaty of Stockholm]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lindqvist |first=Herman |date=2015 |title=Våra kolonier: de vi hade och de som aldrig blev av |publisher=Albert Bonniers Förlag |page=232 |isbn=9789100155346|language=sv}}</ref>

In the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|1814 Treaty of Paris]], Sweden ceded Guadeloupe to France, giving rise to the [[Guadeloupe Fund]]. In 1815, the [[Treaty of Vienna (1815)|Treaty of Vienna]] acknowledged French control of Guadeloupe.<ref name="britannica.com" /><ref name="worldatlas">{{cite web |title=Guadeloupe History Timeline |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/guadeloupe/gptimeln.htm |website=World Atlas |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603192827/https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/guadeloupe/gptimeln.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Slavery]] was abolished in the French Empire in 1848.<ref name="britannica.com" /> After 1854, [[indentured labourer]]s from the French colony of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] in India were brought in.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/remembering-the-journey-to-guadeloupe/article6366891.ece |title=Remembering the journey to Guadeloupe |author=Annie Philip |work=The Hindu |date=31 August 2014 |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117043914/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/remembering-the-journey-to-guadeloupe/article6366891.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Emancipated slaves had the vote from 1849, but French nationality and the vote were not granted to Indian citizens until 1923, when a long campaign, led by [[Henry Sidambarom]], finally achieved success.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.topnews.in/law/remote-french-island-reconnects-india-264156 |title=A remote French Island reconnects with India &#124; TopNews |website=topnews.in |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513093822/https://www.topnews.in/law/remote-french-island-reconnects-india-264156 |url-status=dead}}</ref>