Editing Grudziądz (section)

=== Kingdom of Poland ===
[[File:Brama Wodna Grudziądz.JPG|thumb|left|The Water Gate and the city walls of Grudziądz, 14th/15th century]]
In 1440, the city co-founded the [[Prussian Confederation]] which opposed the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights. At the beginning of the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)|Thirteen Years' War]] (1454–66), the citizens forced the Teutonic Order to hand over the castle. The confederation asked the King of Poland, [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]] to join Poland. The King agreed and signed the act of incorporation in [[Kraków]] in March 1454.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=[[Poznań]]|language=pl|page=54}}</ref> Although there was support the Knights inside the city walls {{citation needed|date=December 2021}} during the entirety of the war, both the city and the castle remained under Polish control. The [[Second Peace of Thorn (1466)|1466 peace treaty]] confirmed the re-incorporation of Grudziądz to Poland.<ref>Górski, p. 88-89, 206-207</ref>

Between 1454 and 1772 the city was part of the Polish [[Chełmno Voivodeship]], which itself was since 1466 part of the Polish province of [[Royal Prussia]], soon included in the larger [[Greater Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Greater Poland Province]]. The Grudziądz Castle was seat of the local [[starosta]]s (royal administrative officials). It was often visited by Polish kings.

[[File:Dahlbergh Grudziądz.jpg|thumb|Siege of Grudziądz by the Swedes in 1655]]
After the great depression of the Thirteen Years' War, new economical growth in the town was slow before the middle of the 16th century. Economic progress was hampered by the religious struggles and by the [[Polish–Swedish wars]] throughout the 17th century.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} At the end of 1655, during the [[Deluge (history)|Swedish Deluge]], the city and its castle were captured by the Swedes and occupied for four years. In 1659, the Swedes had been besieged for several days and retreated. During their departure, part of the town was destroyed by fire.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

In 1522, [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], who aside from his astronomical work was also an economist, presented his [[treatise]] ''[[Monetae cudendae ratio]]'' in Grudziądz. In it he postulated the principle that "bad money drives out good" which became known as the [[Gresham's law]] or the Gresham–Copernicus law. This work included an early version of the [[quantity theory of money]] – a key concept in economics.<ref>Angus Armitage, ''The World of Copernicus'', 1951, p. 91.</ref>
[[File:Ratusz łącznik.jpg|thumb|left|Grudziądz Town Hall, former Jesuit college building]]
Following [[Protestant Reformation]], in 1569 the local Protestants were given access to the Holy Spirit Church; in 1572 [[Catholicism]] seemed to have vanished almost entirely in the town.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} In 1597 King [[Sigismund III Vasa]] gave order that the Protestants had to return all churches taken over by them in the past to the Catholics, including all accessories. The Protestants remained in possession solely of St. George's Church until in 1618 when the base of the building was washed away by the [[Vistula]] River and the church was torn down. For a while, they used once more the vacant Holy Spoirit Church, until in 1624 this building together with the hospital had to be handed over to nuns of the [[Order of Saint Benedict]] for the purpose of founding an affiliated institution.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

Since 1622 [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] from [[Toruń]] had a station in Grudziądz, which in 1640 was already so strong that it was able to form a residence in Grudziądz, despite objections from the side of the magistrate of the town.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} In 1648 construction work for building a Jesuit church was taken up.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} The Jesuits also founded the Jesuit College, which was the first high school in Grudziądz.<ref>Roman Pawlak, ''Zabytkowe ratusze''. Warsaw, MUZA SA, 2003, p. 68-69</ref>

[[File:Grudziądz Zamek.jpg|thumb|Grudziądz Castle in the 18th century]]
The town proper was surrounded by town walls, except on the side of river [[Vistula]], where instead of walls there stood huge massive grain silos, from where grain could be transported through wooden pipes to the embankment of the river.<ref name="JFG">[[Johann Friedrich Goldbeck]]: ''Vollständige Topographie des Königreichs Preußen''. Teil II, Marienwerder 1789, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SQw_AAAAcAAJ/page/n233 p. 28, no. 1.]</ref>