Editing Granada (section)

===Nasrid Emirate of Granada===
{{Main|Emirate of Granada}}
[[File:CoA Nasrid kings Alhambra Granada Spain.jpg|thumb|Sigil of the [[Nasrid dynasty]] located in the Palacio de Comares]]
In 1228 [[Idris al-Ma'mun]], the last effective [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] ruler in al-Andalus, left the Iberian Peninsula. As Almohad rule collapsed local leaders and factions emerged across the region. With the ''[[Reconquista]]'' in full swing, the Christian kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] – under kings [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] and [[James I of Aragon|James I]], respectively – made major conquests across al-Andalus. Castile captured [[Siege of Córdoba (1236)|Cordoba in 1236]] and [[Siege of Seville|Seville in 1248]]. Meanwhile, the ambitious [[Muhammad I of Granada|Ibn al-Ahmar]] (Muhammad I) established what became the last and longest reigning [[Muslim]] dynasty in the Iberian peninsula, the [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrids]], who ruled the [[Emirate of Granada]]. On multiple occasions Ibn al-Ahmar aligned himself with Ferdinand III, eventually agreeing to become his vassal in 1246.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=276}} Granada thereafter became a [[tributary state]] to the Kingdom of Castile, although this was often interrupted by wars between the two states.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996}}<ref name=":05222" /> The political history of the emirate was turbulent and intertwined with that of its neighbours. The Nasrids sometimes provided refuge or military aid to Castilian kings and noblemen, even against other Muslim states, while in turn the Castilians provided refuge and aid to some Nasrid emirs against other Nasrid rivals. On other occasions the Nasrids attempted to leverage the aid of the North African [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinids]] to ward off Castile, although Marinid interventions in the Peninsula ended after [[Battle of Río Salado|Battle of Rio Salado]] (1340).{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996}}<ref name=":8">{{cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&q=new+islamic+dynasties |title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0748696482 |location= |pages= |chapter=The Nasrids or Banu 'l-Ahmar }}</ref><ref name=":05222" />

The population of the emirate was also swollen by Muslim refugees from the territories newly conquered by Castile and Aragon, resulting in a small yet densely-populated territory which was more uniformly Muslim and Arabic-speaking than before.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=277}}{{Sfn|Harvey|1990|pp=14–15}} The city itself expanded and new neighbourhoods grew around the Albaicín (named after refugees from [[Baeza, Spain|Baeza]]) and in Antequeruela (named after refugees from [[Antequera]] after 1410).{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=277}} A new set of walls was constructed further north during the 13th–14th centuries, with ''Bab Ilbirah'' (present-day ''Puerta de Elvira'') as its western entrance.<ref name=":05222" /><ref name=":24" /> A major Muslim cemetery existed outside this gate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=A. Katie |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ElDwAAQBAJ&dq=albaicin+mosque+church+san+salvador+granada&pg=PA34 |title=Layered Landscapes: Early Modern Religious Space Across Faiths and Cultures |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-317-10720-0 |editor-last=Nelson |editor-first=Eric |pages=34 |language=en |chapter=Sacred landscape in early modern Granada |editor-last2=Wright |editor-first2=Jonathan }}</ref> The city's heart was its Great Mosque (on the site of the present-day [[Granada Cathedral]]) and the commercial district known as the ''qaysariyya'' (the [[Alcaicería of Granada|Alcaicería]]).<ref name=":05222" /><ref name=":24" /> Next to this was the only major [[madrasa]] built in al-Andalus, the ''Madrasa al-Yusufiyya'' (known today as the [[Madrasa of Granada|Palacio de la Madraza]]), founded in 1349.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|pp=151–173}}<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Franco |first=Ángela |title=Madrasa Palace |url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;es;Mon01;16;en |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers }}</ref> Other monuments from this era include the ''al-Funduq al-Jadida'' ("New Inn" or [[caravanserai]], now known as the [[Corral del Carbón]]), built in the early 14th century,<ref name="Capt2">{{Cite journal |last1=Capitan-Vallvey |first1=L.F. |last2=Manzano |first2=E. |last3=Medina Florez |first3=V.J. |date=1994 |title=A Study of the Materials in the Mural Paintings at the 'Corral del Carbon' in Granada, Spain |journal=Studies in Conservation |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=87–99 }}</ref> the [[Maristan of Granada|Maristan]] (hospital), built in 1365–1367 and demolished in 1843,<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Qantara – Maristan of Granada/ Foundation Stone/ Fountain heads in the shape of lions |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=1326&lang=en |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=www.qantara-med.org |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011112622/https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=1326&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> and the main mosque of the Albaicín, dating from the 13th century.{{Efn|This mosque was converted in 1499 into the Church of San Salvador. Only the mosque's ''[[sahn]]'' (courtyard) is preserved in the present-day building.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Dickie |first1=James |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&dq=albaicin%20mosque%20church%20san%20salvador%20granada&pg=PA101 |title=The Legacy of Muslim Spain |last2=Marín |first2=Manuela |publisher=Brill |year=1992 |isbn=978-90-04-09599-1 |pages=101 |language=en |editor-last=Jayyushi |editor-first=Salma Khadra |chapter=Granada: A Case Study of Arab Urbanism in Muslim Spain }}</ref>}}

When Ibn Al-Ahmar established himself in the city he moved the royal palace from the old Zirid citadel on the Albaicín hill to the Sabika hill, beginning construction on what became the present Alhambra.<ref name=":05222" />{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=151}} The Alhambra acted as a self-contained palace-city, with its own mosque, hammams, fortress, and residential quarters for workers and servants. The most celebrated palaces that survive today, such as the [[Court of the Myrtles|Comares Palace]] and the [[Court of the Lions|Palace of the Lions]], generally date from the reigns of Yusuf{{nbsp}}I (r. 1333–1354) and his son Muhammad{{nbsp}}V (r. 1354–1391, with interruptions).{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|pp=151–173}} Some smaller examples of Nasrid palace architecture in the city have survived in the [[Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo]] (late 13th century) and the [[Dar al-Horra]] (15th century).{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=242–244, 290}}[[File:Granada by Piri Reis.jpg|thumb|Map showing the Emirate of Granada by Ottoman cartographer [[Piri Reis]]]]Partly due to the heavy tributary payments to Castile, Granada's economy specialized in the trade of high-value goods.<ref name=":05222" /> Integrated within the European mercantile network, the ports of the kingdom fostered intense trading relations with the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]], but also with the Catalans, and to a lesser extent, with the Venetians, the Florentines, and the Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fábregas García |first=Adela |year=2006 |title=La integración del reino nazarí de Granada en el espacio comercial europeo (siglos XIII–XV) |journal=Investigaciones de Historia Económica |language=es |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=16–17 |doi=10.1016/S1698-6989(06)70266-1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It provided connections with Muslim and Arab trade centers, particularly for [[gold]] from [[sub-Saharan Africa]] and the [[Maghreb]], and exported [[silk]] and [[dried fruit]]s produced in the area.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=277}}

Despite its frontier position, Granada was also an important Islamic intellectual and cultural center, especially in the time of Muhammad{{nbsp}}V, with figures such as [[Ibn Khaldun]] and [[Ibn al-Khatib]] serving in the Nasrid court.<ref name=":1" />{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=291}} [[Ibn Battuta]], a famous traveller and historian, visited the Emirate of Granada in 1350. He described it as a powerful and self-sufficient kingdom in its own right, although frequently embroiled in skirmishes with the Kingdom of Castile. In his journal, Ibn Battuta called Granada the "metropolis of Andalusia and the bride of its cities."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/al-andalus-and-morocco-1349-1350 |title=On to al-Andalus and Morocco: 1349–1350 {{!}} ORIAS |website=orias.berkeley.edu |language=en |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415184020/https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/al-andalus-and-morocco-1349-1350 |url-status=live }}</ref>