Editing Grammatical conjugation (section)

== Conjugation classes ==
=== Pama-Nyungan languages ===
One common feature of [[Pama–Nyungan languages]], the largest family of [[Australian Aboriginal languages]], is the notion of conjugation classes, which are a set of groups into which each lexical verb falls. They determine how a verb is conjugated for [[Tense–aspect–mood]]. The classes can but do not universally correspond to the transitivity or valency of the verb in question. Generally, of the two to six conjugation classes in a Pama-Nyungan language, two classes are open with a large membership and allow for new coinages, and the remainder are closed and of limited membership.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Westerlund, Torbjörn|title=A grammatical sketch of Ngarla (Ngayarta, Pama-Nyungan)|year=2015|isbn=978-1-922185-15-0|location=Anu, A.C.T.|oclc=903244888}}</ref>

==== Wati ====
In [[Wati languages]], verbs generally fall into four classes:

* '''l''' class
* '''∅''' class
* '''n''' class
* '''ng''' class<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dixon, R. M. W.|title=The Languages of Australia|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-71971-4|location=Cambridge|oclc=889953941}}</ref>

They are labelled by using common morphological components of verb endings in each respective class in infinitival forms. In [[Wanman language|the Wanman language]] these each correspond to '''''la'', ''ya'', ''rra'',''' and '''''wa''''' verbs respectively.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example Verb Conjugations in [[Warnman]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Warnman. Part one, Sketch grammar. |date=2003 |publisher=Wangka Maya Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre |others=Wangka Maya Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre. |isbn=1-875946-01-2 |location=South Hedland, W.A. |oclc=271859132}}</ref>
!Class
!Past
!Present
!Future
!Imperative
!Past Continuous
!Habitual
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''LA'''
| -rna
| -npa/-rni
| -nku
| -la
| -rninya
|la
|-
|''waka-rna''
|''waka-rni''
|''waka-nku''
|''waka-la''
|''waka-rninya''
|''waka-la''
|-
|speared
|is spearing
|will spear
|spear it!
|used to spear
|spears
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''YA'''
| -nya
| -manyi
| -ku
| -∅/-ya
| -minya
| -∅/-ya
|-
|''wanti-nya''
|''wanti-manyi''
|''wanti-ku''
|''wanti-ya''
|''wanti-minya''
|''wanti-ya''
|-
|stayed
|is staying
|will stay
|stay!
|used to stay
|stays
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''RRA'''
| -na
| -npa
| -nku
| -rra
| -ninya
| -rra
|-
|''ya-na''
|''ya-npa''
|''ya-nku''
|''ya-rra''
|''ya-ninya''
|''ya-rra''
|-
|went
|is going
|will go
|go!
|used to go
|goes
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''WA'''
| -nya
| -nganyi
| -ngku
| -wa
| -nganyinya
| -wa
|-
|''pi-nya''
|''pi-nganyi''
|''pi-ngku''
|''pi-wa''
|''pi-nganyinya''
|''pi-wa''
|-
|hit
|is hitting
|will hit
|hit it!
|used to hit
|hits
|}

See also a similar table of verb classes and conjugations in Pitjantjatjara, a [[Wati language]] wherein the correlating verb classes are presented below also by their imperative verbal endings '''-la, -∅, -ra''' and '''-wa''' respectively
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Example Verb Conjugations in [[Pitjantjatjara dialect|Pitjantjatjara]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eckert |first=Paul |title=Wangka wir̲u: a handbook for the Pitjantjatjara language learner |date=1988 |publisher=University of South Australia /South Australian College of Advanced Education |others=Hudson, Joyce., South Australian College of Advanced Education. Aboriginal Studies and Teacher Education Centre, Summer Institute of Linguistics. |isbn=0-86803-230-1 |location=Underdale, S. Aust. |oclc=27569554}}</ref>
!Class
!Past
!Present
!Future
!Imperative
!Past Continuous
!Habitual
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''LA'''
|  -nu
|  -ni
|  -lku
|  -la
|  -ningi
| -lpai
|-
|''kati-nu''
|''kati-ni''
|''kati-leu''
|''kati-la''
|''kati-ningi''
|''kati-lpai''
|-
|took
|is taking
|will take
|take it!
|used to take
|takes
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''<big>∅</big>'''
|  -ngu
|  -nyi
|  -ku
|  -∅
|  -ngi
|  -pai
|-
|''tawa-ngu''
|''tawa-nyi''
|''tawa-ku''
|''tawa-'''∅'''''
|''tawa-ngi''
|''tawa-pai''
|-
|dug
|is digging
|will dig
|dig!
|used to dig
|digs
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''RA'''
|  -nu
|  -nangi
|  -nkuku
|  -ra
|  -nangi
|  -nkupai
|-
|''a-nu''
|''a-nangi''
|''a-nkuku''
|a-ra
|''a-nangi''
|''a-nkupai''
|-
|went
|is going
|will go
|go!
|used to go
|goes
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''WA'''
|  -ngu
|  -nganyi
|  -nguku
|  -wa
|  -ngangi
|  -ngkupai
|-
|''pu-ngu''
|''pu-nganyi''
|''pu-nguku''
|''pu-wa''
|''pu-ngangi''
|''pu-ngkupai''
|-
|hit
|is hitting
|will hit
|hit it!
|used to hit
|hits
|}

==== Ngayarta ====
[[Ngarla language|Ngarla]], a member of the [[Ngayarda languages|Ngayarda]] sub-family of languages has a binary conjugation system labelled:

* '''l''' class
* '''∅''' class

In the case of Ngarla, there is a notably strong correlation between conjugation class and transitivity, with transitive/ditransitive verbs falling in the '''l'''-class and intransitive/semi-transitive verbs in the '''∅-'''class.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Example Verb Conjugations in [[Ngarla language|Ngarla]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Westerlund |first=Torbjörn |date=2017-07-03 |title=Verb Classification in Ngarla (Ngayarta, Pama-Nyungan) |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=328–355 |doi=10.1080/07268602.2017.1298396 |issn=0726-8602 |s2cid=65180912}}</ref>
!Class
!Present
!Remote Past
!Past
!Past Continuous
!Habitual
!Future
!Speculative
!Purposive
!Optative
!Present Contrafactual
!Past Contrafactual
!Anticipatory
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''L'''
|<nowiki>-rri</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-rnta</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-rnu</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-yinyu</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-yirnta</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-n</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-mpi</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-lu</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-nmara</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-rrima</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-nmarnta</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-rnamarta</nowiki>
|-
|''jaa-rri''
|''jaa-rnta''
|''jaa-rnu''
|''jaa-yinyu''
|''jaa-yirnta''
|''jaa-n''
|''jaa-mpi''
|''jaa-lu''
|''jaa-nmara''
|''jaa-rrima''
|''jaa-nmarnta''
|''jaa-rnmarta''
|-
|is chopping
|chopped (long ago)
|chopped
|used to chop
|chops
|will chop
|could have chopped
|in order to chop
|ought to chop
|were ''x'' chopping
|had ''x'' chopped
|should ''x'' chop
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''<big>∅</big>'''
|<nowiki>-yan</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-rnta</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-nyu</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-yanu</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-yanta</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-Ø</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-mpi</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-kura</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-mara</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-yanma</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-marnta</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-nyamarta</nowiki>
|-
|''warni-yan''
|''warni-rnta''
|''warni-nyu''
|''warni-yanu''
|''warni-yanta''
|''warni-Ø''
|''warni-rnpi''
|''warni-kura''
|''warni-mara''
|''warni-yanma''
|''warni-marnta''
|''warni-nyamarta''
|-
|is falling
|fell (long ago)
|fell
|used to fall
|falls
|will fall
|could have fallen
|in order to fall
|ought to fall
|were ''x'' falling
|had ''x'' fallen
|should ''x'' fall
|}

These classes even extend to how verbs are nominalized as instruments with the '''l-'''class verb including the addition of an ''/l/'' before the nominalizing suffix and the blank class remaining blank:

'''l-class example:'''

{{Interlinear|Kunyjarta-lu mara ku-rnu parnu-nga warnta pirri-lpunyjarri, kurni-rnu kunyjarta kurri|Woman-ERG hand CAUS-PST 3SG-GEN stick dig-INS throw-PST woman teenager|‘(The) woman caused her digging stick to be in (the) hand (i.e. picked up her digging stick), (and) threw (it) at (the) girl.’}}

'''∅-class example<ref name=":0" />'''

{{Interlinear|Jarrari-punyjarri waa-n ngajapa pinurru ngaya nyali ja-lu|light-INS give-FUT 1SG.LOC fire 1SG.NOM light CAUS-PURP|‘(A) match (lit. something to light with) give on (i.e. to) me, (a) fire I intend to light.’}}

==== Yidiny ====
[[Yidiny language|Yidiny]] has a ternary verb class system with two open classes and one closed class (~20 members). Verbs are classified as:

* '''-n''' class     (open, intransitive/semi-transitive)
* '''-l''' class      (open, transitive/ditransitive)
* '''-r''' class     (closed, intransitive)

{| class="wikitable"
|+
Example Verb Conjugations in [[Yidiny language|Yidiny]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Language description informed by theory |date=2014 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |others=Pensalfini, Rob., Turpin, Myfany., Guillemin, Diana. |isbn=978-90-272-7091-7 |location=Amsterdam, the Netherlands |pages=157 |oclc=868284094}}</ref>
!Class
!imperative
!Present/Future
!Past
!Purposive
!Apprehensive
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''N'''
|  -n
|  -ng
|  -nyu
|  -na
|  -ntyi
|-
|''nyina-n''
|''nyina-ng''
|''nyina-nyu''
|''nyina-na''
|''nyina-ntyi''
|-
|sit!
|is sitting / will sit
|sat
|in order to sit
|lest ''x'' sit
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''<big>L</big>'''
|<big>-∅</big>
|  -l
|  -lnyu
|  -lna
|  -ltyi
|-
|''patya-<big>∅</big>''
|''patya-l''
|''patya-lnyu''
|''patya-lna''
|''patya-ltyi''
|-
|bite it!
|is biting / will bite
|bit
|in order to bite
|lest ''x'' bite
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''R'''
|  -rr
|  -r
|  -rnyu
|  -rna
|  -rtyi
|-
|''pakya-rr''
|''pakya-r''
|''pakya-rnyu''
|''-pakya-rna''
|''pakya-rtyi''
|-
|feel sore!
|is feeling / will feel sore
|felt sore
|in order to feel sore
|lest ''x'' feel sore
|}