Editing Gram-negative bacteria (section)

==Bacterial transformation==
[[Transformation (genetics)|Transformation]] is one of three processes for [[horizontal gene transfer]], in which exogenous genetic material passes from one [[Bacteria|bacterium]] to another, the other two being [[bacterial conjugation|conjugation]] (transfer of [[plasmid|genetic material]] between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and [[transduction (genetics)|transduction]] (injection of foreign DNA by a [[bacteriophage]] virus into the host bacterium).<ref name=Johnston>{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnston C, Martin B, Fichant G, Polard P, Claverys JP |title=Bacterial transformation: distribution, shared mechanisms and divergent control |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=181–96 |year=2014 |pmid=24509783 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro3199 |s2cid=23559881 }}</ref><ref name=Korotetskiy>{{cite journal |vauthors=Korotetskiy I, Shilov S, Kuznetsova T, Kerimzhanova B, Korotetskaya N, Ivanova L, Zubenko N, Parenova R, Reva O |title=Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequences of Pathogenic Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Isolates from the Same Hospital Environment to Investigate Common Evolutionary Trends Associated with Horizontal Gene Exchange, Mutations and DNA Methylation Patterning |journal=Microorganisms |volume=11 |issue=2 |year=2023 |page=323 |pmid=36838287 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms11020323 |doi-access=free |pmc=9961978 }}</ref> In transformation, the [[Nucleic acid|genetic material]] passes through the intervening medium, and uptake is completely dependent on the recipient bacterium.<ref name=Johnston/>

As of 2014 about 80 species of bacteria were known to be capable of transformation, about evenly divided between [[gram-positive]] and gram-negative bacteria; the number might be an overestimate since several of the reports are supported by single papers.<ref name=Johnston/> Transformation has been studied in medically important gram-negative bacteria species such as ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'', ''[[Legionella pneumophila]]'', ''[[Neisseria meningitidis]]'', ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'', ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' and ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]''.<ref name=Seitz>{{cite journal |vauthors=Seitz P, Blokesch M |title=Cues and regulatory pathways involved in natural competence and transformation in pathogenic and environmental Gram-negative bacteria |journal=FEMS Microbiol. Rev. |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=336–63 |year=2013 |pmid=22928673 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00353.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> It has also been studied in gram-negative species found in soil such as ''[[Pseudomonas stutzeri]]'', ''[[Acinetobacter baylyi]]'', and gram-negative plant pathogens such as ''[[Ralstonia solanacearum]]'' and ''[[Xylella fastidiosa]]''.<ref name=Seitz/>