Editing Goths (section)

===Early history===
{{Further|Gutones|Origin of the Goths}}
[[File:Oksywie Wielbark Przeworsk.gif|thumb|upright=1.35|
{{legend|Red|[[Oksywie culture]] and the early [[Wielbark culture]]}}
{{legend|#FF9999|Expansion of the Wielbark culture}}
{{legend|Yellow|[[Przeworsk culture]]}}]]
The Goths are generally believed to have been first attested by [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] sources in the 1st century under the name ''Gutones''.<ref name="Heather_ODLA"/><ref name="Fulk_2018_21"/><ref name="Robinson_2005_36"/><ref name="Heather_1998_XIV"/><ref name="Wolfram_12">{{harvnb|Wolfram|1990|pp=12–13, 20, 23}}: "Goths{{snd}}or Gutones, as the Roman sources called them... The Gutonic immigrants became Goths the very moment the Mediterranean world considered them "Scythians"... The Gothic name appears for the first time between A.D. 16 and 18. We do not, however, find the strong form Guti but only the derivative form Gutones... Hereafter, whenever the Gutones and Guti are mentioned, these terms refer to the Goths."</ref><ref name="Christensen_32">{{harvnb|Christensen|2002|pp=32–33, 38–39}}. "During the first century and a half AD, four authors mention a people also normally identified with 'the Goths'. They seem to appear for the first time in the writings of the geographer Strabo... It is normally assumed that [the Butones/Gutones] are identical with the Goths... It has been taken for granted that these Gotones were identical to the Goths... Finally, around 150, Klaudios Ptolemaios (or Ptolemy) writes of certain [Gutones/Gythones] who are also normally identified with 'the Goths'... Ptolemy lists the [Gutae], also identified by Gothic scholars with the Goths..."</ref> The equation between Gutones and later Goths is disputed by several historians.<ref>{{harvnb|Goffart|1980|pp=21–22}}. "We hear, for instance, that "the true history of the Goths" – true, that is, as distinct from legendary "but not inadmissible" – "begins with Pliny, who, toward A.D. 75, cited the Gutones, and Tacitus, who, towards 98, knows the Gothones." Prodigies of ingenuity are performed in creating arguments that sometimes are wholly circular. By normal standards of source analysis, the early Gothic migrations in Jordanes are about as historical as the tales of Genesis and Exodus; to champion their simple equivalence to history is a task for religious fundamentalists."</ref><ref name="Christensen_343">{{harvnb|Christensen|2002|p=343}}. "They might possibly have been mentioned in some geographical and ethnographical works dating from the first century AD, but the similarity in the names is not significant, and no antique author later considers them to be the forefathers of the Goths... No one sees this connection, even during the Great Migration. Chronologically it would, of course, be quite a realistic possibility..."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kulikowski|2006|p=212}}. "The Gotones mentioned in Tacitus, Germania 44.1 and located somewhere in what is now modern Poland would not be regarded as Goths if Jordanes' migration stories did not exist."</ref><ref name="Halsall_52_120">{{harvnb|Halsall|2007|pp=52, 120}}. "Although the Scythians were long gone, their name was still applied to the inhabitants of these regions: Taifals and Sarmatians, Alans and Goths... Also significant is the fact that, as mentioned, when not using 'Scythian', these writers used Getae as a synonym for Goths, rather than (as modern historians do) associating the Goths with the Gutones, who had a respectable pedigree going back to Pliny at least... We might note the similarity of names such as Eudoses and Jutes, or Gutones and Goths but how much continuity does this imply, especially when the different names are recorded in different geographical locations?"</ref>

Around 15 AD, [[Strabo]] mentions the Butones, [[Lugii]], and [[Semnones]] as part of a large group of peoples who came under the domination of the [[Marcomanni]]c king [[Maroboduus]].<ref name="Strabo_VII_I_">{{harvnb|Strabo|1903|p=}}, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng2:7.1 Book VII, Chap. 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216133608/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng2:7.1 |date=16 December 2019 }}</ref> The "Butones" are generally equated with the Gutones.<ref>{{harvnb|Wolfram|1990|p=38}}. "[T]he Gutones... were first mentioned by Strabo..."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Christensen|2002|p=33}}. "It is normally assumed that [the Butones/Gutones] are identical with the Goths."</ref> The Lugii have sometimes been considered the same people as the [[Vandals]], with whom they were certainly closely affiliated.{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|p=40}} The Vandals are associated with the [[Przeworsk culture]], which was located to the south of the Wielbark culture.{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|pp=394–95}} Wolfram suggests that the Gutones were clients of the Lugii and Vandals in the 1st century AD.{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|p=40}}

In 77 AD, [[Pliny the Elder]] mentions the Gutones as one of the peoples of [[Germania]]. He writes that the Gutones, [[Burgundiones]], [[Varini]], and Carini belong to the Vandili. Pliny classifies the Vandili as one of the five principal "German races", along with the coastal [[Ingvaeones]], [[Istvaeones]], [[Irminones]], and [[Peucini]].<ref name="Pliny">{{harvnb|Pliny|1855|p=}}, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D37%3Achapter%3D11 Book IV, Chap. 28] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171950/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D37%3Achapter%3D11 |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|p=40}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=34–35}} In an earlier chapter Pliny writes that the 4th century BC traveler [[Pytheas]] encountered a people called the ''Guiones''.<ref name="Pliny_XXXVIII_11">{{harvnb|Pliny|1855|p=}}, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D37%3Achapter%3D11 Book XXXVIII, Chap. 11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171950/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D37%3Achapter%3D11 |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> Some scholars have equated these ''Guiones'' with the Gutones, but the authenticity of the Pytheas account is uncertain.{{sfn|Rübekeil|2002|pp=603–04}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=25–31}}

In his work ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' from around 98 AD, [[Tacitus]] writes that the Gotones (or Gothones) and the neighbouring Rugii and [[Lemovii]] were ''Germani'' who carried round shields and short swords, and lived near the ocean, beyond the Vandals.{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|pp=40–41}} He described them as "ruled by kings, a little more strictly than the other German tribes".<ref name="Tacitus_XLIV">{{harvnb|Tacitus|1876a|p=}}, [[:Wikisource:Germania (Church & Brodribb)#XLIV|XLIV]]</ref>{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|pp=40–41}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=35–36}} In another notable work, the ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'', Tacitus writes that the Gotones had assisted [[Catualda]], a young Marcomannic exile, in overthrowing the rule of Maroboduus.<ref name="Tacitus_2_62">{{harvnb|Tacitus|1876b|p=}}, [[:Wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#62|62]]</ref>{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=36–38}} Prior to this, it is probable that both the Gutones and Vandals had been subjects of the Marcomanni.{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|pp=40–41}}

[[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The Roman Empire under [[Hadrian]], <!-- (ruled 117–38), according to [[Tacitus]]' [[Germania (book)|Germania]] (written c. AD 100) and [[Ptolemy]]'s [[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia]] (c. 130),--> showing the location of the Gothones, then inhabiting the east bank of the [[Vistula]] in modern-day Poland]]

Sometime after settling ''Gothiscandza'', Jordanes writes that the Goths defeated the neighbouring Vandals.{{sfn|Jordanes|1915|p=iv (28)}} Wolfram believes the Gutones freed themselves from Vandalic domination at the beginning of the 2nd century AD.{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|p=40}}

In his ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'' from around 150 AD, [[Ptolemy]] mentions the Gythones (or Gutones) as living east of the Vistula in Sarmatia, between the [[Vistula Veneti|Veneti]] and the [[Fenni]].<ref name="Ptolemy">{{harvnb|Ptolemy|1932|p=}}, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/3/5*.html 3.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725071317/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/3/5%2A.html |date=25 July 2021 }}</ref>{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|pp=37–39}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=38–39}} In an earlier chapter he mentions a people called the Gutae (or Gautae) as living in southern [[Scandia]].<ref name="Ptolemy_2.10">{{harvnb|Ptolemy|1932|p=}}, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/10/limited.html 2.10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725071318/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/10/limited.html |date=25 July 2021 }}</ref>{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=38–39}} These Gutae are probably the same as the later [[Geats|Gauti]] mentioned by Procopius.{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|pp=37–39}} Wolfram suggests that there were close relations between the Gythones and Gutae, and that they might have been of common origin.{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|pp=37–39}}