Editing Glutamic acid (section)

==Synthesis==
===Biosynthesis===
{| align="left" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="background: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #C0C090;"
! style="background-color: #F8EABA;" | [[Reactants]]
! style="background-color: #F8EABA;" |
! style="background-color: #F8EABA;" | [[Product (chemistry)|Products]]
! style="background-color: #F8EABA;" | [[Enzymes]]
|-
| [[glutamine]] + [[water|H<sub>2</sub>O]] || → || '''Glu''' + [[ammonia|NH<sub>3</sub>]]
| [[Protein:GLS|GLS]], [[Protein:GLS2|GLS2]]
|-
| [[N acetylglutamic acid|NAcGlu]] + [[water|H<sub>2</sub>O]] || → || '''Glu''' + [[acetate]]
| ''N''-acetyl-glutamate synthase
|-
| [[Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid|α-ketoglutarate]] + [[NADP]]H + NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> || → || '''Glu''' + [[NADP]]<sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O
| [[Protein:GLUD1|GLUD1]], [[Protein:GLUD2|GLUD2]]<ref name="springerlink">{{Cite journal | last1 = Grabowska | first1 = A. | last2 = Nowicki | first2 = M. | last3 = Kwinta | first3 = J. | doi = 10.1007/s11738-011-0801-1 | title = Glutamate dehydrogenase of the germinating triticale seeds: Gene expression, activity distribution and kinetic characteristics | journal = Acta Physiologiae Plantarum | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | pages = 1981–1990 | year = 2011 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2011AcPPl..33.1981G }}</ref>
|-
| [[Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid|α-ketoglutarate]] + [[amino acid|α-amino acid]] || → || '''Glu''' + [[keto acid|α-keto acid]]
| [[transaminase]]
|-
| [[1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate]] + [[nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide|NAD<sup>+</sup>]] + H<sub>2</sub>O || → || '''Glu''' + NADH
| [[Protein:ALDH4A1|ALDH4A1]]
|-
| [[N-formimino-L-glutamate]] + [[folic acid|FH<sub>4</sub>]] || → || '''Glu''' + [[folic acid|5-formimino-FH<sub>4</sub>]]
| [[Protein:FTCD|FTCD]]
|-
| [[N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid|NAAG]] || → || '''Glu''' + NAA
| [[Glutamate carboxypeptidase II|GCPII]]
|}
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===Industrial synthesis===
Glutamic acid is produced on the largest scale of any amino acid, with an estimated annual production of about 1.5 million tons in 2006.<ref name="PerosaZecchini2007">{{cite book|author1=Alvise Perosa|author2=Fulvio Zecchini|title=Methods and Reagents for Green Chemistry: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtS9DH54vjUC&pg=PA189|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-12407-9|page=25}}</ref> Chemical synthesis was supplanted by the [[aerobic fermentation]] of sugars and ammonia in the 1950s, with the organism ''[[Corynebacterium glutamicum]]'' (also known as ''Brevibacterium flavum'') being the most widely used for production.<ref name="Flickinger2010">{{cite book|author=Michael C. Flickinger|title=Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology: Bioprocess, Bioseparation, and Cell Technology, 7 Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_2hMwEACAAJ|date=2010|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-79930-6|pages=215–225}}</ref> Isolation and purification can be achieved by concentration and [[crystallization]]; it is also widely available as its [[hydrochloride]] salt.<ref name="FoleyKermanshahi pour2012">{{cite journal|last1=Foley|first1=Patrick|last2=Kermanshahi pour|first2=Azadeh|last3=Beach|first3=Evan S.|last4=Zimmerman|first4=Julie B.|title=Derivation and synthesis of renewable surfactants|journal=Chem. Soc. Rev.|volume=41|issue=4|year=2012|pages=1499–1518|issn=0306-0012|doi=10.1039/C1CS15217C|pmid=22006024}}</ref>