Editing Giordano Bruno (section)

===Last years of wandering, 1585–1592===
In October 1585, Castelnau was recalled to France, and Bruno went with him.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=112–113}} In Paris, Bruno found a tense political situation. Moreover, his 120 theses against [[Aristotle|Aristotelian]] natural science soon put him in ill favor. In 1586, following a violent quarrel over these theses, he left France for Germany.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=189–194}}

[[File:Unnamed Figures.jpg|thumb|left|Woodcut from "Articuli centum et sexaginta adversus huius tempestatis mathematicos atque philosophos", [[Prague]] 1588]]
In Germany he failed to obtain a teaching position at [[Marburg]], but was granted permission to teach at [[University of Halle-Wittenberg|Wittenberg]], where he lectured on [[Aristotle]] for two years.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=196–197}} However, with a change of intellectual climate there, he was no longer welcome, and went in 1588 to [[Prague]], where he obtained 300 [[Thaler|taler]] from [[Rudolf II]], but no teaching position.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=207–213}} He went on to serve briefly as a professor in [[University of Helmstedt|Helmstedt]], but had to flee again in 1590 when he was [[excommunication|excommunicated]] by the [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]].{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=214–219}}

During this period he produced several [[Latin]] works, dictated to his friend and secretary Girolamo Besler, including ''De Magia'' (''On Magic''), ''Theses De Magia'' (''Theses on Magic'') and ''De Vinculis in Genere'' (''A General Account of Bonding''). All these were apparently transcribed or recorded by Besler (or Bisler) between 1589 and 1590.{{sfn|Bruno|1998|p=xxxvi}} He also published ''De Imaginum, Signorum, Et Idearum Compositione'' (''On the Composition of Images, Signs and Ideas'', 1591).

In 1591 he was in [[Frankfurt]], where he received an invitation from the [[Venice|Venetian]] patrician [[Mocenigo family|Giovanni Mocenigo]], who wished to be instructed in the art of memory,{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=224–225}} and also heard of a vacant chair in mathematics at the [[University of Padua]]. At the time the [[Inquisition]] seemed to be losing some of its strictness, and because the [[Republic of Venice]] was the most liberal state in the [[Italian Peninsula]], Bruno was lulled into making the fatal mistake of returning to Italy.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/82258/Giordano-Bruno/883/Final-years|title=Giordano Bruno|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=8 May 2014|quote=At the time such a move did not seem to be too much of a risk: Venice was by far the most liberal of the Italian states; the European tension had been temporarily eased after the death of the intransigent pope Sixtus V in 1590; the Protestant Henry of Bourbon was now on the throne of France, and a religious pacification seemed to be imminent.}}</ref>

He went first to [[Padua]], where he taught briefly, and applied unsuccessfully for the chair of mathematics, which was given instead to [[Galileo Galilei]] one year later. Bruno accepted Mocenigo's invitation and moved to Venice in March 1592.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|p=249}} For about two months he served as an in-house tutor to Mocenigo, to whom he let slip some of his heterodox ideas.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=253–257}} Mocenigo denounced him to the [[Venetian Holy Inquisition|Venetian Inquisition]], which had Bruno arrested on 22 May 1592.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=257–258}} Among the numerous charges of [[blasphemy]] and [[heresy]] brought against him in Venice, based on Mocenigo's denunciation, was his belief in the [[cosmic pluralism|plurality of worlds]], as well as accusations of personal misconduct.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|p=259}} Bruno defended himself skillfully, stressing the philosophical character of some of his positions, denying others and admitting that he had had doubts on some matters of dogma. The Roman Inquisition, however, asked for his transfer to Rome.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=287–288}} After several months of argument, the Venetian authorities reluctantly consented and Bruno was sent to Rome in January 1593.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|p=292}}