Editing Germanic weak verb (section)

====Class I, subclass (ii)====
A small class of verbs had the suffix '''-j-''' in the present and no suffix in the past.  This class had only five members in Proto-Germanic:

#{{lang|gem-x-proto|'''*bugjaną'''}} "to buy," past tense {{lang|gem-x-proto|'''*buht-'''}}
#{{lang|gem-x-proto|'''*sōkijaną'''}} "to seek," past tense {{lang|gem-x-proto|'''*sōht-'''}} (given a regularized subclass (iii) past {{lang|got-Latn|'''sōkida'''}} in Gothic)
#{{lang|gem-x-proto|'''*þankijaną'''}} "to think," past tense {{lang|gem-x-proto|'''*þanht-'''}}
#{{lang|gem-x-proto|'''*þunkijaną'''}} "to seem," past tense {{lang|gem-x-proto|'''*þunht-'''}}
#{{lang|gem-x-proto|'''*wurkijaną'''}} "to work," past tense {{lang|gem-x-proto|'''*wurht-'''}}

Verbs of this class were said to undergo [[rückumlaut]] ("reverse umlaut") in the past, since the [[Germanic umlaut|umlaut]] occurring in the present (triggered by the '''-j-''') is undone or "reversed" in the past (due to the lack of the umlaut-triggering stem '''-i-''' of subclass [iii]), leading to a non-umlauted vowel in the past.

These verbs also have consonant and vowel alternations between present and past that are due to regular sound changes but result in strikingly different forms in the historical Germanic languages (e.g., ''think'', past tense ''thought'').  Specifically:
*There is an alternation between '''-k-''' or '''-g-''' in the present and '''-h-''' in the past, caused by the '''-t-''' of the past-tense suffix.  Prior to the operation of [[Grimm's Law]], the stem consonant was '''-g-''' or '''-gʰ-'''.  Before '''-t-''', the consonant was devoiced to '''-k-''' by [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]] and then became '''-h-''' by [[Grimm's Law]]. This alternation is sometimes called [[Primärberührung]].
*'''-n-''' before '''-h-''' disappeared after nasalizing the previous vowel.  When the '''-n-''' disappeared, the vowel was lengthened by the process of [[compensatory lengthening]].
*'''-u-''' was lowered to '''-o-''' in the past tense due to [[a-mutation]], since the following vowel was always non-high.

The class remained small in Gothic, but expanded significantly in the other languages:

*In Old Norse, all short-stem verbs (those with a short vowel followed by at most one consonant, or a long vowel followed by no consonant) appeared to move into this class, as indicated by the fact that no umlaut occurs in the past, as would be caused by a suffix '''-i-'''.  However, this may have been due to a regular sound change that eliminated unstressed, nonfinal short vowels coming after a short stem before the operation of umlaut.
*In [[Old High German]], short-stem verbs ending in '''-zz (-tz), -pf, -ck''' (Proto-Germanic root ending in '''*-t, -p,''' or '''-k'''), and optionally those in '''-ll''', join this class.  For example, {{lang|goh|'''zellen'''}} "to tell" < {{lang|goh|'''*taljan'''}}, past tense {{lang|goh|'''zalta, zelita'''}}.  A number of long-stem verbs also join this class, like {{lang|goh|'''brennen'''}} "to burn," past tense {{lang|goh|'''branta'''}}; {{lang|goh|'''wenten'''}} "to turn," past tense {{lang|goh|'''wanta'''}}.
*In Old English and the other northern [[West Germanic languages]], a number of verbs ending in '''-(c)c-''' and '''-ll-''' joined the class, including the following Old English verbs:
:*{{lang|ang|cweccan}} "to shake" < {{lang|ang|*kwakjan}}, past tense {{lang|ang|cweahte}} < {{lang|ang|*kwaht-}}
:*{{lang|ang|dreccan}} "to afflict," past tense {{lang|ang|dreahte}}
:*{{lang|ang|læccan}} "to seize" (based on earlier {{lang|ang|*lǣcan}}?), past tense {{lang|ang|lǣhte}}
:*{{lang|ang|leccan}} "to moisten," past tense {{lang|ang|leahte}}
:*{{lang|ang|rǣcan}} "to reach" < {{lang|ang|*raikjan}}, past tense {{lang|ang|rǣhte, rāhte}} < {{lang|ang|*raiht-}}
:*{{lang|ang|reccan}} "to narrate," past tense {{lang|ang|reahte}}
:*{{lang|ang|reccan}} "to care for" (based on earlier {{lang|ang|*rēcan}}?), past tense {{lang|ang|rōhte}}
:*{{lang|ang|tǣcan}} "to teach," past tense {{lang|ang|tǣhte, tāhte}}
:*{{lang|ang|streccan}} "to stretch," past tense {{lang|ang|streahte}}
:*{{lang|ang|þeccan}} "to cover," past tense {{lang|ang|þeahte}}
:*{{lang|ang|weccan}} "to awake," past tense {{lang|ang|weahte}}
:*{{lang|ang|cwellan}} "to kill" < {{lang|ang|*kwaljan}}, past tense {{lang|ang|cwealde}} < {{lang|ang|*kwald}}
:*{{lang|ang|dwellan}} "to dwell," past tense {{lang|ang|dwealde}}
:*{{lang|ang|sellan}} "to give, sell," past tense {{lang|ang|sealde}}
:*{{lang|ang|stellan}} "to place," past tense {{lang|ang|stealde}}
:*{{lang|ang|tellan}} "to tell," past tense {{lang|ang|tealde}}

In Late Old English, further verbs in '''-can''' were drawn into this class by analogy, but with umlaut maintained, e.g., {{lang|ang|bepǣcan}} "to deceive", past tense {{lang|ang|bepǣhte}}, earlier {{lang|ang|bepǣcte}}, or {{lang|ang|wleccan}} "to warm," past tense {{lang|ang|wlehte}}, earlier {{lang|ang|wlecede}}.  At the same time, verbs in '''-ccan''' were modified to follow the same pattern, as in the new past tense form {{lang|ang|cwehte}} alongside earlier {{lang|ang|cweahte}}.