Editing German battleship Bismarck (section)

=== Operation Rheinübung ===
{{main|Operation Rheinübung}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-012-03, Schlachtschiff Bismarck in der Ostsee.jpg|thumb|''Bismarck'', photographed from {{ship|German cruiser|Prinz Eugen||2}}, in the Baltic at the outset of [[Operation Rheinübung]]]]

On 5 May 1941, Hitler and [[Wilhelm Keitel]], with a large entourage, arrived to view ''Bismarck'' and ''Tirpitz'' in Gotenhafen. The men were given an extensive tour of the ships, after which Hitler met Lütjens to discuss the forthcoming mission.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=71}} On 16 May, Lütjens reported that ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen'' were fully prepared for Operation Rheinübung; he was therefore ordered to proceed with the mission on the evening of 19 May.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=74}} As part of the operational plans, a group of eighteen supply ships would be positioned to support ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen''. Four [[U-boat]]s would be placed along the convoy routes between [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] and Britain to scout for the raiders.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=55–56}}

By the start of the operation, ''Bismarck''{{'}}s crew had increased to 2,221 officers and enlisted men. This included an admiral's staff of nearly 65 and a prize crew of 80 sailors, who could be used to crew transports captured during the mission. At 02:00 on 19 May, ''Bismarck'' departed Gotenhafen and made for the [[Danish straits]]. She was joined at 11:25 by ''Prinz Eugen'', which had departed the previous night at 21:18, off Cape Arkona.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=63}} The two ships were escorted by three [[destroyer]]s—{{ship|German destroyer|Z10 Hans Lody||2}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt||2}}, and {{ship|German destroyer|Z23||2}}—and a [[flotilla]] of [[minesweeper]]s.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=76}} The [[Luftwaffe]] provided air cover during the voyage out of German waters.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=214}} At around noon on 20 May, Lindemann informed the ship's crew via loudspeaker of the ship's mission. At approximately the same time, a group of ten or twelve Swedish aircraft flying reconnaissance encountered the German force and reported its composition and heading, though the Germans did not see the Swedes.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=64}}

An hour later, the German flotilla encountered the Swedish [[cruiser]] {{HSwMS|Gotland|1933|6}}; the cruiser shadowed the Germans for two hours in the [[Kattegat]].{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=65}} ''Gotland'' transmitted a report to naval headquarters, stating: "Two large ships, three destroyers, five escort vessels, and 10–12 aircraft passed [[Marstrand]], course 205°/20'."{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin |1985|p=214}} The OKM was not concerned about the security risk posed by ''Gotland'', though both Lütjens and Lindemann believed operational secrecy had been lost.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=65}} The report eventually made its way to Captain Henry Denham, the British naval attaché to Sweden, who transmitted the information to the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]].{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=66–67}} The code-breakers at [[Bletchley Park]] confirmed that an Atlantic raid was imminent, as they had [[encryption|decrypted]] reports that ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen'' had taken on prize crews and requested additional [[navigational chart]]s from headquarters. A pair of [[Supermarine Spitfire]]s was ordered to search the Norwegian coast for the flotilla.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=68}}

German aerial reconnaissance confirmed that one [[aircraft carrier]], three battleships, and four cruisers remained at anchor in the main British naval base at [[Scapa Flow]], which persuaded Lütjens that the British were unaware of his operation. On the evening of 20 May, ''Bismarck'' and the rest of the flotilla reached the Norwegian coast; the minesweepers were detached and the two raiders and their destroyer escorts continued north. The following morning, radio-intercept officers on board ''Prinz Eugen'' picked up a signal ordering British reconnaissance aircraft to search for two battleships and three destroyers northbound off the Norwegian coast.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=114}} At 7:00 on the 21st, the Germans spotted four unidentified aircraft, which quickly departed. Shortly after 12:00, the flotilla reached [[Bergen]] and anchored at [[Grimstadfjord]], where the ships' crews painted over the Baltic camouflage with the standard "outboard grey" worn by German warships operating in the Atlantic.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=83}}

[[File:Bismarck reconnaissance.jpg|thumb|RAF aerial reconnaissance photo showing ''Bismarck'' anchored (centre right) in [[Grimstadfjord]], Norway]]

When ''Bismarck'' was in Norway, a pair of Bf 109 fighters circled overhead to protect her from British air attacks, but Flying Officer Michael Suckling managed to fly his Spitfire directly over the German flotilla at a height of {{convert|8000|m|abbr=on}} and take photos of ''Bismarck'' and her escorts.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=84}} Upon receipt of the information, Admiral [[John Tovey]] ordered the [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Hood|51|6}}, the newly commissioned battleship {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|6}}, and six destroyers to reinforce the pair of cruisers patrolling the [[Denmark Strait]]. The rest of the [[Home Fleet]] was placed on high alert in Scapa Flow. Eighteen bombers were dispatched to attack the Germans, but weather over the [[fjord]] had worsened and they were unable to find the German warships.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=120}}

''Bismarck'' did not replenish her fuel stores in Norway, as her operational orders did not require her to do so. She had left port {{convert|200|t|LT|abbr=on}} short of a full load, and had since expended another {{convert|1000|t|LT|abbr=on}} on the voyage from Gotenhafen. ''Prinz Eugen'' took on {{convert|764|t|LT|abbr=on}} of fuel.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=71}} At 19:30 on 21 May, ''Bismarck'', ''Prinz Eugen'', and the three escorting destroyers left Bergen.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=72}} At midnight, when the force was in the open sea, heading towards the Arctic Ocean, Raeder disclosed the operation to Hitler, who reluctantly consented to the raid. The three escorting destroyers were detached at 04:14 on 22 May, while the force steamed off [[Trondheim]]. At around 12:00, Lütjens ordered his two ships to turn toward the Denmark Strait to attempt the break-out into the open Atlantic.{{sfn|Garzke| Dulin |1985|p=215}} The same bad weather that had encouraged Lütjens to start the break-out attempt, prevented any reconnaissance flights over Bergen. But at 16:00 a [[Martin Maryland]] managed to take off from [[RNAS Hatston]] and made it to Bergen where it could see the harbour was empty. On receiving the report, Tovey left Scapa Flow with the Home Fleet at 22:15.{{Sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980b|pp=70–71}}{{Sfn|Busch|1980|pp=37–40}}{{Sfn|Tovey|1947|pp=4865–4866}}

By 04:00 on 23 May, Lütjens ordered ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen'' to increase speed to {{convert|27|kn}} to make the dash through the Denmark Strait.{{sfn|Garzke |Dulin| 1985|p=216}} Upon entering the Strait, both ships activated their FuMO radar detection equipment sets.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=126}} ''Bismarck'' led ''Prinz Eugen'' by about {{convert|700|m|yd|abbr=on}}; mist reduced visibility to {{convert|3000|–|4000|m|yd|abbr=on}}. The Germans encountered some ice at around 10:00, which necessitated a reduction in speed to {{convert|24|kn}}. Two hours later, the pair had reached a point north of Iceland. The ships were forced to zigzag to avoid [[Drift ice|ice floes]]. At 19:22, [[hydrophone]] and radar operators aboard the German warships detected the cruiser {{HMS|Suffolk|55|6}} at a range of approximately {{convert|12500|m|yd|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=216}} ''Prinz Eugen''{{'}}s radio-intercept team decrypted the radio signals being sent by ''Suffolk'' and learned that their location had been reported.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=126–127}}

Lütjens gave permission for ''Prinz Eugen'' to engage ''Suffolk'', but the captain of the German cruiser could not clearly make out his target and so held fire.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=127}} ''Suffolk'' quickly retreated to a safe distance and shadowed the German ships. At 20:30, the heavy cruiser {{HMS|Norfolk|78|6}} joined ''Suffolk'', but approached the German raiders too closely. Lütjens ordered his ships to engage the British cruiser; ''Bismarck'' fired five salvoes, three of which straddled ''Norfolk'' and rained shell splinters on her decks. The cruiser laid a smoke screen and fled into a fog bank, ending the brief engagement. The concussion from the 38&nbsp;cm guns' firing disabled ''Bismarck''{{'}}s FuMO 23 radar set; this prompted Lütjens to order ''Prinz Eugen'' to take station ahead so she could use her functioning radar to scout for the formation.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=129–130}}

At around 22:00, Lütjens ordered ''Bismarck'' to make a 180-degree turn in an effort to surprise the two heavy cruisers shadowing him. Although ''Bismarck'' was visually obscured in a rain squall, ''Suffolk''{{'}}s radar quickly detected the manoeuvre, allowing the cruiser to evade.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=132}} The cruisers remained on station through the night, continually relaying the location and bearing of the German ships. The harsh weather broke on the morning of 24 May, revealing a clear sky. At 05:07, hydrophone operators aboard ''Prinz Eugen'' detected a pair of unidentified vessels approaching the German formation at a range of {{convert|20|nmi|abbr=on}}, reporting "Noise of two fast-moving turbine ships at 280° relative bearing!"{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=133–134}}

==== Battle of the Denmark Strait ====
{{main|Battle of the Denmark Strait}}

At 05:45 on 24 May, German lookouts spotted smoke on the horizon; this turned out to be from ''Hood'' and ''Prince of Wales'', under the command of [[Vice Admiral]] [[Lancelot Holland]]. Lütjens ordered his ships' crews to [[battle stations]]. By 05:52, the range had fallen to {{convert|26000|m|yd|abbr=on}} and ''Hood'' opened fire, followed by ''Prince of Wales'' a minute later.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|pp=219–220}} ''Hood'' engaged ''Prinz Eugen'', which the British thought to be ''Bismarck'', while ''Prince of Wales'' fired on ''Bismarck''.{{efn|The British were unaware that the German ships had reversed positions in the Denmark Strait. Observers on ''Prince of Wales'' correctly identified the ships but failed to inform Admiral Holland.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=165}}}} [[Adalbert Schneider]], the first gunnery officer aboard ''Bismarck'', twice requested permission to return fire, but Lütjens hesitated.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=167}} Lindemann intervened, muttering "I will not let my ship be shot out from under my ass."{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=151}} He demanded permission to fire from Lütjens, who relented and at 05:55 ordered his ships to engage the British.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=151}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1984-055-14, Schlachtschiff Bismarck, nach Seegefecht.jpg|thumb|left|''Bismarck'' as seen from ''Prinz Eugen'' after the [[Battle of the Denmark Strait]]]]

The British ships approached the German ships head on, which permitted them to use only their forward guns; ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen'' could fire full [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]]s. Several minutes after opening fire, Holland ordered a 20° turn to port, which would allow his ships to engage with their rear gun turrets. Both German ships concentrated their fire on ''Hood''. About a minute after opening fire, ''Prinz Eugen'' scored a hit with a high-explosive {{convert|20.3|cm|abbr=on}} shell; the explosion detonated [[unrotated projectile]] ammunition and started a large fire, which was quickly extinguished.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=220}} After firing three four-gun salvoes, Schneider had found the range to ''Hood''; he immediately ordered rapid-fire salvoes from ''Bismarck''{{'}}s eight 38&nbsp;cm guns. He also ordered the ship's 15&nbsp;cm secondary guns to engage ''Prince of Wales''. Holland then ordered a second 20° turn to port, to bring his ships on a parallel course with ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen''.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=151–152}} Lütjens ordered ''Prinz Eugen'' to shift fire and target ''Prince of Wales'', to keep both of his opponents under fire. Within a few minutes, ''Prinz Eugen'' scored a pair of hits on the battleship that started a small fire.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=152–153}}

Lütjens then ordered ''Prinz Eugen'' to drop behind ''Bismarck'', so she could continue to monitor the location of ''Norfolk'' and ''Suffolk'', which were still {{convert|10|to|12|nmi|abbr=on}} to the east. At 06:00, ''Hood'' was completing the second turn to port when ''Bismarck''{{'}}s fifth salvo hit. Two of the shells landed short, striking the water close to the ship, but at least one of the 38&nbsp;cm [[armour-piercing shot and shell|armour-piercing]] shells struck ''Hood'' and penetrated her thin deck armour. The shell reached ''Hood''{{'}}s rear ammunition magazine and detonated {{convert|112|t|LT|abbr=on}} of [[cordite]] propellant.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=153}} The massive explosion broke the back of the ship between the main mast and the rear funnel; the forward section continued to move forward briefly before the in-rushing water caused the bow to rise into the air at a steep angle. The stern also rose as water rushed into the ripped-open compartments.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=155–156}} Schneider exclaimed "He is sinking!" over the ship's loudspeakers.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=153}} In only eight minutes of firing, ''Hood'' had disappeared, taking all but three of her crew of 1,419 men with her.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=223}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1968-015-25, Schlachtschiff Bismarck, Seegefecht.jpg|thumb|''Bismarck'' firing her main battery during the battle]]

''Bismarck'' then shifted fire to ''Prince of Wales''. The British battleship scored a hit on ''Bismarck'' with her sixth salvo, but the German ship found her mark with her first salvo. One of the shells struck the bridge on ''Prince of Wales'', though it did not explode and instead exited the other side, killing everyone in the ship's command centre, save Captain [[John Leach (Royal Navy officer)|John Leach]], the ship's commanding officer, and one other.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=176}} The two German ships continued to fire upon ''Prince of Wales'', causing serious damage. Guns malfunctioned on the recently commissioned British ship, which still had civilian technicians aboard.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|pp=176–177}} Despite the technical faults in the main battery, ''Prince of Wales'' scored three hits on ''Bismarck'' in the engagement. The first struck her in the [[forecastle]] above the waterline but low enough to allow the crashing waves to enter the hull. The second shell struck below the armoured belt and exploded on contact with the [[torpedo bulkhead]], completely flooding a turbo-generator room and partially flooding an adjacent boiler room.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|pp=6–10}} The third shell passed through one of the boats carried aboard the ship and then went through the floatplane catapult without exploding.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=162–163}}

At 06:13, Leach gave the order to retreat; only five{{sfn|Roskill|p=406}} of his ship's ten {{convert|14|in|abbr=on|0}} guns were still firing and his ship had sustained significant damage. ''Prince of Wales'' made a 160° turn and laid a smoke screen to cover her withdrawal. The Germans ceased fire as the range widened. Though Lindemann strongly advocated chasing ''Prince of Wales'' and destroying her,{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=164–165}} Lütjens obeyed operational orders to shun any avoidable engagement with enemy forces that were not protecting a convoy,{{sfn|Kennedy|p=79}} firmly rejecting the request, and instead ordered ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen'' to head for the North Atlantic.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=165–166}} In the engagement, ''Bismarck'' had fired 93 armour-piercing shells and had been hit by three shells in return.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=223}} The forecastle hit allowed {{convert|1000|to|2000|t|LT|abbr=on}} of water to flood into the ship, which contaminated fuel oil stored in the bow. Lütjens refused to reduce speed to allow damage control teams to repair the shell hole which widened and allowed more water into the ship.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=224}} The second hit caused some additional flooding. Shell-splinters from the second hit also damaged a steam line in the turbo-generator room, but this was not serious, as ''Bismarck'' had sufficient other generator reserves. The combined flooding from these two hits caused a 9-degree [[List (watercraft)|list]] to port and a 3-degree [[wikt:trim#Noun|trim]] by the bow.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=226}}

While ''Prince of Wales'' was retreating, the hydrophone operators on ''Prinz Eugen'' detected torpedoes. It was unlikely that torpedoes were actually fired but both German ships took evasive manoeuvres. At the same time a shadowing [[Short Sunderland]] [[flying boat]] from [[No. 201 Squadron RAF]] approached too closely and the German heavy anti-aircraft artillery fired on it.{{Sfn|Busch|1980|pp=64–65}}{{Sfn|Tovey|1947|p=4866}} A [[Lockheed Hudson]] from [[No. 269 Squadron RAF]] witnessed the battle from a distance and remained in touch until 08:08. After the battle, the Sunderland reported the oil slick and guided the destroyer {{HMS|Electra|H27|2}} to the site where ''Hood'' had blown up. The destroyer found only three survivors.{{Sfn|Tovey|1947|p=4866}}

==== Chase ====
[[File:Map Rheinuebung.svg|thumb|Course of ''Bismarck'' and the ships that pursued her]]
After the engagement, Lütjens reported, "Battlecruiser, probably ''Hood'', sunk. Another battleship, ''King George V'' or ''Renown'', turned away damaged. Two heavy cruisers maintain contact."{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=167}} At 08:01, he transmitted a damage report and his intentions to OKM, which were to detach ''Prinz Eugen'' for commerce raiding and to make for [[Saint-Nazaire]] for repairs.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=168}} Shortly after 10:00, Lütjens ordered ''Prinz Eugen'' to fall behind ''Bismarck'' to determine the severity of the oil leakage from the bow hit. After confirming "broad streams of oil on both sides of [''Bismarck''{{'}}s] wake",{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=173}} ''Prinz Eugen'' returned to the forward position.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=173}} About an hour later, the shadowing Sunderland reported the oil slick to ''Suffolk'' and ''Norfolk'', which had been joined by the damaged ''Prince of Wales''. Rear Admiral [[Frederic Wake-Walker]], the commander of the two cruisers, ordered ''Prince of Wales'' to remain behind his ships.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=173–174}}

When [[Karl Dönitz|Dönitz]] offered the assistance of all Atlantic U-boats, Lütjens requested to set up a patrol line on the extrapolated route of ''Bismarck'' into the open Atlantic.{{Sfn|Busch|1980|p=75}} Five U-boats—{{GS|U-43|1939|2}}, {{GS|U-46|1938|2}}, {{GS|U-66|1940|2}}, {{GS|U-94|1940|2}}, and {{GS|U-557|3=2}} were ordered to take up positions south of Greenland where they were expected to make contact in the morning of 25 May. Since Lütjens had intentions to make for a French port, a second group of U-boats consisting of {{GS|U-48|1939|2}}, {{GS|U-74|1940|2}}, {{GS|U-97|1940|2}}, {{GS|U-98|1940|2}}, and {{GS|U-556|3=2}} was stationed in the [[Bay of Biscay]]. Three other U-boats—{{GS|U-73|1940|2}}, {{GS|U-93|1940|2}}, and {{GS|U-111|1940|2}}—were rushing to reinforce the trap. {{GS|U-108|1940|2}} and {{GS|U-552|3=2}} were ordered to sail from port to reinforce the Biscay group.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=288–289}}{{Sfn|Rohwer|2005|p=74}}

Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] ordered all warships in the area to join the pursuit of ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen''. Tovey's Home Fleet was steaming to intercept the German raiders, but on the morning of 24 May was still over {{convert|350|nmi|abbr=on}} away. The Admiralty ordered the light cruisers {{HMS|Manchester|15|2}}, {{HMS|Birmingham|C19|2}}, and {{HMS|Arethusa|26|2}} to patrol the Denmark Strait in case Lütjens attempted to retrace his route. The battleship {{HMS|Rodney|29|2}}, which had been escorting {{RMS|Britannic|1929|6}} and was due for a refit in the [[Boston Navy Yard]], joined Tovey. Two old {{sclass|Revenge|battleship|1}}s were ordered into the hunt: {{HMS|Revenge|06|2}}, from Halifax, and {{HMS|Ramillies|07|2}}, which was escorting Convoy HX 127.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=174–175}} In all, six battleships and battlecruisers, two aircraft carriers, thirteen cruisers, and twenty-one destroyers were committed to the chase.{{sfn|Williamson|p=33}} By around 17:00, the crew aboard ''Prince of Wales'' restored nine of her ten main guns to working order, which permitted Wake-Walker to place her in the front of his formation to attack ''Bismarck'' if the opportunity arose.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=175}}

With the weather worsening, Lütjens attempted to detach ''Prinz Eugen'' at 16:40. The squall was not heavy enough to cover her withdrawal from Wake-Walker's cruisers, which continued to maintain radar contact. ''Prinz Eugen'' was therefore recalled temporarily.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|pp=192–193}} The cruiser was successfully detached at 18:14. ''Bismarck'' turned around to face Wake-Walker's formation, forcing ''Suffolk'' to turn away at high speed. ''Prince of Wales'' fired twelve salvos at ''Bismarck'', which responded with nine salvos, none of which hit. The action diverted British attention and permitted ''Prinz Eugen'' to slip away. After ''Bismarck'' resumed her previous heading, Wake-Walker's three ships took up station on ''Bismarck''{{'}}s port side.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=227}}

[[File:Swordfish on HMS Victorious before strike on Bismarck.jpg|thumb|The Swordfish torpedo bombers of the strike force being prepared on the deck of HMS ''Victorious'']]

Although ''Bismarck'' had been damaged in the engagement with ''Hood'' and forced to reduce speed, she was still capable of reaching {{convert|27|to|28|kn}}, the maximum speed of Tovey's {{HMS|King George V|41|2}}. Unless ''Bismarck'' could be slowed, the British would be unable to prevent her from reaching Saint-Nazaire. Shortly before 16:00 on 25 May, Tovey detached the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Victorious|R38|2}} and four light cruisers to shape a course that would position her to launch her [[torpedo bomber]]s.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|pp=194–195}} At 22:00, ''Victorious'' launched the strike, which comprised nine [[Fairey Swordfish]] torpedo bombers of [[825 Naval Air Squadron]], led by Lt Cdr [[Eugene Esmonde]]. The inexperienced aviators nearly attacked ''Norfolk'' and the U.S. Coast Guard cutter {{USCGC|Modoc|WPG-46|6}} on their approach; the confusion alerted ''Bismarck''{{'}}s anti-aircraft gunners.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=229}}

''Bismarck'' also used her main and secondary batteries to fire at maximum depression to create giant splashes in the paths of the incoming torpedo bombers.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=189}} None of the attacking aircraft were shot down. One of the Swordfish lost its way in the cloud and failed to attack. ''Bismarck'' evaded seven of the torpedoes launched at her, but the eighth{{Sfn|Stephen|1988|p=84}}{{Sfn|Tovey|1947|p=4853}}{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=229}} struck amidships on the main armoured belt, throwing one man into a bulkhead and killing him and injuring five others.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|pp=229–230}} The explosion also caused minor damage to electrical equipment. The ship suffered more serious damage from manoeuvres to evade the torpedoes: rapid shifts in speed and course loosened [[collision mat]]s, which increased the flooding from the forward shell hole and eventually forced abandonment of the port number 2 boiler room. This loss of a second boiler, combined with fuel losses and increasing bow trim, forced the ship to slow to {{convert|16|kn}}. Divers repaired the collision mats in the bow, after which speed increased to {{convert|20|kn}}, the speed that the command staff determined was the most economical for the voyage to occupied France.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=230}}

Shortly after the Swordfish departed from the scene, ''Bismarck'' and ''Prince of Wales'' engaged in a brief artillery duel. Neither scored a hit.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=192–193}} ''Bismarck''{{'}}s damage control teams resumed work after the short engagement. The sea water that had flooded the number 2 port side boiler threatened to enter the number 4 turbo-generator feedwater system, which would have permitted saltwater to reach the turbines. The saltwater would have damaged the turbine blades and thus greatly reduced the ship's speed. By morning on 25 May, the danger had passed. The ship slowed to {{convert|12|kn}} to allow divers to pump fuel from the forward compartments to the rear tanks; two hoses were successfully connected and a few hundred tons of fuel were transferred.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=226}}

As the chase entered open waters, Wake-Walker's ships were compelled to zig-zag to avoid German U-boats that might be in the area. This required the ships to steam for ten minutes to port, then ten minutes to starboard, to keep the ships on the same base course. For the last few minutes of the turn to port, ''Bismarck'' was out of range of ''Suffolk''{{'}}s radar.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=229–230}} At 03:00 on 25 May, Lütjens decided to abandon the plan to lure the pursuers to the U-boat trap and to head directly for France.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|p=289}} He ordered an increase to maximum speed, which at this point was {{convert|28|kn}}. He then ordered the ship to circle away to the west and then north. This manoeuvre coincided with the period during which his ship was out of radar range; ''Bismarck'' successfully broke radar contact and circled back behind her pursuers. ''Suffolk''{{'}}s captain assumed that ''Bismarck'' had broken off to the west and attempted to find her by also steaming west. After half an hour, he informed Wake-Walker, who ordered the three ships to disperse at daylight to search visually.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=230–231}}

The Royal Navy search widened, despite the fact that many of the British ships were low on fuel. ''Victorious'' and her escorting cruisers were sent west, Wake-Walker's ships continued to the south and west, and Tovey continued to steam toward the mid-Atlantic. [[Force H]], with the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|2}} and steaming up from [[Gibraltar]], was still at least a day away.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=232–233}} Unaware that he had shaken off Wake-Walker, Lütjens sent long radio messages to Naval Group West headquarters in Paris. The signals were intercepted by the British, from which bearings were determined. They were wrongly plotted on board ''King George V'', leading Tovey to believe that ''Bismarck'' was heading back to Germany through the Iceland-Faeroe gap, which kept his fleet on the wrong course for seven hours. By the time the mistake had been discovered, ''Bismarck'' had put a sizeable gap between herself and the British ships.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=231}}

[[File:HMS Ark Royal h85716.jpg|thumb|left|The aircraft carrier {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}} with a flight of Swordfish overhead]]

British code-breakers were able to decrypt some of the German signals, including an order to the Luftwaffe to provide support for ''Bismarck'' making for Brest, decrypted by [[Jane Fawcett]] on 25 May 1941.{{sfn|Schudel}} The [[French Resistance]] provided the British with confirmation that Luftwaffe units were relocating there. Tovey could now turn his forces toward France to converge in areas through which ''Bismarck'' would have to pass.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=232}} Two [[Consolidated Catalina]] flying boats from [[No. 209 Squadron RAF]] and [[No. 240 Squadron RAF]] based out of [[RAF Castle Archdale]] in [[Northern Ireland]] joined the search, covering areas where ''Bismarck'' might head in the attempt to reach occupied France.{{Sfn|Tovey|1947|p=4866}} At 10:30 on 26 May, a Catalina piloted by British Flying Officer Dennis Briggs and co-piloted by Ensign [[Leonard B. Smith]] of the US Navy located her, some {{convert|690|nmi|abbr=on}} northwest of Brest.{{efn|Smith was one of nine American officers assigned to the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] as special observers.{{sfn|Miller|p=162}}}} At her current speed, she would have been close enough to reach the protection of U-boats and the Luftwaffe in less than a day. Most British forces were not close enough to stop her.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=233}}

The only possibility for the Royal Navy was ''Ark Royal'' with Force H, under the command of Admiral [[James Somerville]].{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=234}} ''Victorious'', ''Prince of Wales'', ''Suffolk'' and {{HMS|Repulse|1916|2}} were forced to break off the search due to fuel shortage; the only heavy ships remaining apart from Force H were ''King George V'' and ''Rodney'', but they were too distant.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=233}} ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s Swordfish were already searching nearby when the Catalina found her. Several torpedo bombers also located the battleship, about {{convert|60|nmi|abbr=on}} away from ''Ark Royal''. Somerville ordered an attack as soon as the Swordfish returned and were rearmed with torpedoes. He detached the cruiser {{HMS|Sheffield|C24|2}} to shadow ''Bismarck'', though ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s aviators were not informed of this.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=235}} As a result, the Swordfish, which were armed with torpedoes equipped with magnetic [[detonator]]s, accidentally attacked ''Sheffield''. The magnetic detonators failed to work properly and ''Sheffield'' emerged unscathed.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|pp=236–237}}{{Efn|The Duplex pistol could be triggered either by impact or magnetic influence. It was used in the highly successful attack on the Italian fleet at the harbour of Taranto. The pistol worked well in calm waters only.{{sfn|Stephen|1988|p=38}}}}

[[File:HMS Ark Royal Swordfish.jpg|thumb|A Swordfish returns to ''Ark Royal'' after making the torpedo attack against ''Bismarck'']]

Upon returning to ''Ark Royal'', the Swordfish loaded torpedoes equipped with contact detonators. The second attack comprised fifteen aircraft and was launched at 19:10. At 19:50, ''Ark Royal'' and ''Renown'' passed the position of ''U-556''. The U-boat was in an ideal shooting position, but had expended all torpedoes on previous operations and could not launch an attack.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980b|p=149}}{{Sfn|Busch|1980|p=146}} Before attacking, the Swordfish made first contact at 20:00 with ''Sheffield'', which gave them a direction to ''Bismarck.'' They could not however find the German ship and at 20:30 asked again for direction from ''Sheffield.''{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980b|p=125}}{{Sfn|Busch|1980|p=107}} Finally at 20:47, the torpedo bombers began their attack descent through the clouds.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=258–259}} As the Swordfish approached, ''Bismarck'' again fired her main battery at the aircraft, trying to catch planes in splash columns. The Swordfish then attacked; ''Bismarck'' began to turn violently as her anti-aircraft batteries engaged the bombers.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=259–261}} One torpedo hit amidships on the port side, just below the bottom edge of the main armour belt. The force of the explosion was largely contained by the underwater protection system and the belt armour but some structural damage caused minor flooding.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=234}}

The second torpedo struck ''Bismarck'' in her stern on the port side, near the port rudder shaft. The coupling on the port rudder assembly was badly damaged and the rudder became locked in a 12° turn to port. The explosion also caused much shock damage. The crew eventually managed to repair the starboard rudder but the port rudder remained jammed. A suggestion to sever the port rudder with explosives was dismissed by Lütjens, as damage to the screws would have left the battleship helpless.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|pp=234–236}}{{sfn|Kennedy|p=211}} At 21:15, Lütjens reported that the ship was unmanoeuvrable.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=237}}

==== Sinking ====
{{main|Last battle of Bismarck}}
[[File:The Royal Navy during the Second World War A4092.jpg|left|thumb|Splinter damage on the rear director tower of ''Sheffield'' caused by a near miss of the ''Bismarck.'']]
With the port rudder jammed, ''Bismarck'' was now steaming in a large circle, unable to escape from Tovey's forces. Though fuel shortages had reduced the number of ships available to the British, the battleships ''King George V'' and ''Rodney'' were still available, along with the heavy cruisers ''Dorsetshire'' and ''Norfolk''.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=271–272}} Lütjens signalled headquarters at 21:40 on the 26th: "Ship unmanoeuvrable. We will fight to the last shell. Long live the Führer."{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=182}} The mood of the crew became increasingly depressed, especially as messages from the naval command reached the ship. Intended to boost morale, the messages only highlighted the desperate situation in which the crew found itself.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|pp=256–257}} As the Swordfish returned to the carrier, ''Bismarck'' briefly fired her main battery at the shadowing ''Sheffield''. The first salvo went a mile astray, but the second salvo straddled the cruiser. Shell splinters rained down on ''Sheffield'', killing three men and wounding two others. Four more salvoes were fired but no hits were scored.{{sfn|Bercuson|Herwig|2003|p=259}}{{Sfn|Stephen|1988|pp=89–92}} ''Sheffield'' quickly retreated under cover of a smoke screen.{{Sfn|Busch|1980|pp=107–108}} ''Sheffield'' lost contact in the low visibility and Captain [[Philip Vian]]'s group of five destroyers was ordered to keep contact with ''Bismarck'' through the night.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=279}}

These destroyers encountered ''Bismarck'' at 22:38; the battleship quickly engaged them with her main battery. After firing three salvos, she straddled the [[Polish Armed Forces in the West|Polish]] destroyer {{ORP|Piorun|G65|6}}. The destroyer continued to close the range until a near miss at around {{convert|12000|m|abbr=on}} forced her to turn away. Throughout the night and into the morning, Vian's destroyers harried ''Bismarck'', illuminating her with [[star shell]]s and firing sixteen torpedoes in nine separate attacks, none of which hit.{{Sfn|Stephen|1988|pp=92–93}} Between 05:00 and 06:00, ''Bismarck''{{'}}s crew attempted to launch one of the Arado 196 float planes to carry away the ship's war diary, footage of the engagement with ''Hood'', and other important documents. The third shell hit from ''Prince of Wales'' had damaged the steam line on the aircraft catapult, rendering it inoperative. As it was not possible to launch the aircraft, it had become a fire hazard, and was pushed overboard.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|pp=237–238}} Lütjens then asked at 07:10 if a U-boat could rendezvous with ''Bismarck'' to fetch these documents. ''U-556'' was assigned at once to this task, but the U-boat missed the signalled order because it was submerged. ''U-556'' was anyway too low on fuel to be able to carry out the order.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980b|pp=148–150}}{{Sfn|Busch|1980|p=125}}

[[File:Rodney firing on Bismarck.png|thumb|''Rodney'' firing on ''Bismarck'', which can be seen burning in the distance]]

After daybreak on 27 May, ''King George V'' led the attack. ''Rodney'' followed off her port quarter; Tovey intended to steam directly at ''Bismarck'' until he was about {{convert|8|nmi|abbr=on}} away. At that point, he would turn south to put his ships parallel to his target.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=286–287}} At 08:43, lookouts on ''King George V'' spotted her, some {{convert|23000|m|yd|abbr=on}} away. Four minutes later, ''Rodney''{{'}}s two forward turrets, comprising six {{convert|16|in|0|abbr=on}} guns, opened fire, then ''King George V''{{'}}s {{convert|14|in|0|abbr=on}} guns began firing. ''Bismarck'' returned fire at 08:50 with her forward guns; with her second salvo, she straddled ''Rodney''.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=288–289}} Thereafter, ''Bismarck''{{'}}s ability to aim her guns deteriorated as the ship, unable to steer, moved erratically in the heavy seas and deprived Schneider of a predictable course for range calculations.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=268}}

As the range fell, the ships' secondary batteries joined the battle. ''Norfolk'' and ''Dorsetshire'' closed and began firing with their {{convert|8|in|0|abbr=on}} guns. At 09:02, a 16-inch shell from ''Rodney'' struck ''Bismarck''{{'}}s forward [[superstructure]], killing hundreds of men and severely damaging the two forward turrets. According to survivors, this salvo probably killed both Lindemann and Lütjens and the rest of the bridge staff,{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=290–291}} although other survivors stated that they saw Lindemann on the deck as the ship sank.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=282}} The main fire control director was also destroyed by this hit, which probably also killed Schneider. A second shell from this salvo struck the forward main battery, which was disabled, though it fired one last salvo at 09:27.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=269}}{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=239}} Lieutenant Müllenheim-Rechberg, in the rear control station, took over firing control for the rear turrets. He managed to fire three salvos before a shell destroyed the gun director, disabling his equipment. He gave the order for the guns to fire independently, but by 09:31, all four main battery turrets had been put out of action.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=291}} One of ''Bismarck''{{'}}s shells exploded 20 feet off ''Rodney''{{' }}s bow and damaged her starboard torpedo tube—the closest ''Bismarck'' came to a direct hit on her opponents.{{sfn|Kennedy|p=246}} At 09:10 ''Rodney'' launched six of her [[British 24.5-inch torpedo|{{cvt|24.5|in}} torpedo]]es from a distance of {{cvt|10|km}} and ''Norfolk'' launched four from {{cvt|15|km}}. All torpedoes missed.{{Sfn|Stephen|1988|p=97}}{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980b|p=174}}

[[File:HMS Dorsetshire Bismarck survivors.jpg|left|thumb|{{HMS|Dorsetshire|40|6}} picking up survivors]]

With the bridge personnel no longer responding, the executive officer ''Fregattenkapitän'' Hans Oels took command of the ship from his station at the Damage Control Central. Some near misses alongside the port side, and the fact that the ship was no longer able to fight back, caused Oels to decide at around 09:30 to scuttle ''Bismarck''{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=28}}{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|pp=416, 437}} to prevent the ship being boarded by the British, and to allow the crew to abandon ship so as to reduce casualties.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=50}} ''Bismarck'' was also slowly sinking due to an increasing list that allowed water to enter the ship via damage to the main deck, leading to significant [[free surface effect]]s,{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|pp=413, 581}} although the ship's very large metacentric height kept her afloat.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|p=435}} At around 09:30 Oels ordered the men below decks to abandon ship; he instructed the engine room crews to open the ship's watertight doors and to prepare scuttling charges.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=293}} The order to prepare to scuttle meant that watertight hatches between decks would be left open, ensuring that water that entered the battery deck via shell damage would start to penetrate below the battery deck, significantly increasing the list and eventually causing ''Bismarck'' to capsize.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|pp=413, 435, 581–582}}

Gerhard Junack, the chief engineering officer, ordered his men to set the demolition charges with a 9-minute fuse but the intercom system broke down and he sent a messenger to confirm the order to scuttle the ship. The messenger never returned, so Junack primed the charges and ordered his men to abandon ship. They left the engine spaces at around 10:10.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=16}}{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|p=545}} Junack and his comrades heard the demolition charges detonate as they made their way up through the various levels.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=281}} Oels rushed throughout the ship, ordering men to abandon their posts. At around 10:05 to 10:10, a 14-inch shell from ''King George V'' penetrated the upper citadel belt and exploded in the ship's aft canteen, killing Oels on the gun deck and about a hundred others.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|pp=441–442}}{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=295}}

By 10:00, Tovey's two battleships had fired over 700 main battery shells, many at very close range.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=292–294}} ''Rodney'' closed to {{convert|2700|m|yd|abbr=on}}, [[point-blank range]] for guns of that size, and continued to fire. ''Bismarck'' had been reduced to a shambles, aflame from bow to stern. She was slowly settling by the stern from uncontrolled flooding with a 20 degree list to port.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=292–294}} Tovey would not cease fire until the Germans [[Striking the colors|struck their ensigns]] or it became clear they were abandoning ship.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=292–293}} Overall the four British ships fired more than 2,800 shells at ''Bismarck'', and scored more than 400 hits, but were unable to sink ''Bismarck'' by gunfire. The heavy gunfire at virtually point-blank range devastated ''Bismarck''<nowiki/>'s superstructure and the sections of the hull that were above the waterline, causing very heavy casualties, but it contributed little to the eventual sinking of the ship.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=51}} ''Rodney'' fired two torpedoes from her port-side tube and claimed one hit.{{sfn|Gatacre|p=140}} According to [[Ludovic Kennedy]], "if true, [this is] the only instance in history of one battleship torpedoing another".{{sfn|Kennedy|p=246}}

The scuttling charges detonated around 10:20.{{efn|"WHO SANK THE BISMARCK – The British or the Germans? We are convinced the answer is ... "BOTH!!" Bismarck unquestionably would have sunk due to progressive flooding hours after the battle ended. By 0930, CDR Oels heard no response from the Bridge and he knew that the ship was defenseless, when turrets Caesar and Dora were no longer operational. There is enough evidence to indicate that he ordered the ship scuttled to prevent her boarding by the British and to end the agony of the prolonged battering by British shellfire that was hindering escape into the sea."{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=51}} }} By 10:35, the ship had assumed a heavy port list, capsizing slowly and sinking by the stern.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=246}} At around 10:20, running low on fuel, Tovey ordered the cruiser ''Dorsetshire'' to sink ''Bismarck'' with torpedoes and ordered his battleships back to port.{{sfn|McGowen|p=56}} ''Dorsetshire'' fired a pair of torpedoes into ''Bismarck''{{'}}s starboard side, one of which hit. ''Dorsetshire'' then moved around to her port side and fired another torpedo, which also hit. By the time these torpedo attacks took place, the ship was already listing so badly that the deck was partly awash.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=281}} It appears that the final torpedo may have detonated against ''Bismarck''{{'}}s port side superstructure, which was by then already underwater.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=33}} ''Bismarck'' disappeared beneath the surface at 10:40.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=246}}

Junack, who had abandoned ship by the time it capsized, observed no underwater damage to the ship's starboard side.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|pp=545–546}} Müllenheim-Rechberg reported the same but assumed that the port side, which was then under water, had been more significantly damaged.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=282}} Some survivors reported they saw Captain Lindemann standing at attention at the stem of the ship as she sank.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=282}} Around eight-hundred to a thousand men were now in the water;{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|p=466}} ''Dorsetshire'' and the destroyer {{HMS|Maori|F24|2}} moved in and lowered ropes to pull the survivors aboard. At 11:40, ''Dorsetshire''{{'}}s captain ordered the rescue effort abandoned after lookouts spotted what they thought was a U-boat. ''Dorsetshire'' had rescued 85 men and ''Maori'' had picked up 25 by the time they left the scene.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=297}} {{GS|U-74|1940|2}}, which had been watching the action from a distance, rescued three men from a rubber dinghy in the evening at 19:30. The next day the German trawler {{ship|German weather ship|Sachsenwald||2}} rescued another two from a raft at 22:45.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980b|pp=188–190}} One of the men picked up by the British died of his wounds the following day. Out of a crew of over 2,200 men, only 114 survived.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=246}}