Editing Geography of Portugal (section)

==Climate ==
{{See also|Portugal#Climate|l1=Climate}}
{{See also|List of extreme temperatures in Portugal}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 PRT 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Köppen climate classification map of Portugal.]]

Most of Portugal has a [[Mediterranean climate]] according to the [[Köppen climate classification]]: "''Csa''" (or hot-summer Mediterranean climate) in most of the lands south of the [[Tagus River]], inland Douro Valley in the [[Norte Region, Portugal|Norte Region]], eastern Azores and the Madeira archipelago. The "''Csb''" [[warm-summer Mediterranean climate|warm-summer Mediterranean]] pattern can be found north of that same river and in [[Costa Vicentina]] in coastal Southern Portugal. Most of the [[Azores]] have a [[humid subtropical climate]] or "''Cfa''", while a small region in inland Alentejo has ''BSk'' or [[semi-arid climate]]. The [[Savage Islands]] are the only region to have an [[desert climate|arid climate]] or "''BWh''". The [[sea surface temperature]]s in these islands vary from {{convert|18.5|°C|°F|1}} in winter to {{convert|23|-|24|°C|°F|1}} in the summer, occasionally reaching {{convert|26|°C|°F|1}}.

The annual average temperature in [[mainland Portugal]] varies from {{convert|12|-|13|°C|°F|1}} in the mountainous interior north to {{convert|17|-|19|°C|°F|1}} in the south (in general the south is warmer and drier than the north). The [[Madeira]] and [[Azores]] archipelagos have a narrower temperature range. Extreme temperatures occur in the mountains in the interior North and Centre of the country in winter, where they may fall below {{convert|-10|°C|°F}} or in rare occasions below {{convert|-15|°C|°F}}, particularly in the higher peaks of [[Serra da Estrela]], and in southeastern parts in the summer, sometimes exceeding {{convert|45|°C|°F}}. <br>The official absolute extreme temperatures are {{convert|-16|°C|°F|1}} in [[Penhas da Saúde]] on 4 February 1954 and [[Miranda do Douro]], and {{convert|47.4|°C|°F|1}} in [[Amareleja]] in the [[Alentejo]] region, on 1 August 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.meteo.pt/pt/oclima/extremos/ |title=Instituto de Meteorologia, IP Portugal |access-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712075018/http://www.meteo.pt/pt/oclima/extremos/ |archive-date=2012-07-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are, however, unofficial records of {{convert|50.5|°C|°F|1}} on 4 August 1881 in Riodades, [[São João da Pesqueira]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dandantheweatherman.com/wortrivaug.html|title=World Weather Trivia Page|access-date=2018-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126140204/http://www.dandantheweatherman.com/wortrivaug.html|archive-date=2012-01-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> and {{convert|70|°C|°F|1}} on 6 July 1949 in [[Figueira da Foz]] in an apparent heat burst (see the [[Highest temperature recorded on Earth#Unverified claims|Highest temperature recorded on Earth]]). Such temperatures are not validated since these were measured in enclosures that were much more susceptible to solar radiation and/or in enclosed gardens which tend to heat up a lot more than in the open where temperatures should be measured. There are also records of {{convert|-17.5|°C|°F|1}} from a Polytechnic Institute in [[Bragança, Portugal|Bragança]], and below {{convert|-20|°C|°F|1}} in [[Serra da Estrela]], which have no official value since they were not recorded by [[Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera|IPMA]]. <br>The annual average rainfall in continental Portugal varies from around {{convert|3000|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in a few mountain tops in the north at [[Peneda-Gerês National Park]] to around {{convert|450|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in inland parts of [[Alentejo]]. In [[Macaronesia]] however, [[Pico Island]] holds the record with upwards of {{convert|5000|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in the higher altitudes and the Savage Islands around {{convert|200|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. Portugal as a whole is amongst the sunniest areas in Europe, with around 2300–3200 hours of sunshine a year, an average of 4-6h in winter and 10-12h in the summer. The sea surface temperature is higher in the south coast where it varies from {{convert|15.5|-|16|°C|°F|1}} in January to {{convert|21|-|23|°C|°F|1}} in August, occasionally reaching {{convert|25|°C|°F}}; on the west coast the sea surface temperature is around {{convert|14|-|16|°C|°F|1}} in winter and {{convert|18|-|20|°C|°F}} in the summer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/ |title=Portugal Sea temperatures |publisher=seatemperature.org |access-date=September 28, 2020}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = [[Continental Portugal]], 1991-2020 normals, 2003-present extremes
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan record high C = 26.3  <!--Aljezur 2024-->
|Feb record high C = 26.9  <!--Lousã 2020--->
|Mar record high C = 31.6  <!--Amareleja, 34.9°C Chaves (Questionable) 2005--->
|Apr record high C = 36.9  <!--Mora 2023--->
|May record high C = 40.0  <!--Beja 2015--->
|Jun record high C = 44.9  <!--Alcácer do Sal 2017--->
|Jul record high C = 47.0  <!--Pinhão 2022--->
|Aug record high C = 47.4  <!--Amareleja 2003--->
|Sep record high C = 45.0  <!--Lousã 2016--->
|Oct record high C = 38.5  <!--Alvega 2017--->
|Nov record high C = 29.1  <!--Rio Maior, 29°C Alcácer do Sal 2007--->
|Dec record high C = 26.4  <!--Zambujeira 2021--->
|year record high C =

|Jan high C = 13.4
|Feb high C = 14.7
|Mar high C = 17.6
|Apr high C = 19.3
|May high C = 22.5
|Jun high C = 26.7
|Jul high C = 29.5
|Aug high C = 29.9
|Sep high C = 26.8
|Oct high C = 22.0
|Nov high C = 16.8
|Dec high C = 13.9
|year high C = 

|Jan mean C = 9.1
|Feb mean C = 9.9
|Mar mean C = 12.4
|Apr mean C = 14.0
|May mean C = 16.9
|Jun mean C = 20.4
|Jul mean C = 22.6
|Aug mean C = 22.9
|Sep mean C = 20.5
|Oct mean C = 16.8
|Nov mean C = 12.3
|Dec mean C = 9.8
|year mean C = 

|Jan low C = 4.7
|Feb low C = 5.0
|Mar low C = 7.2
|Apr low C = 8.7
|May low C = 11.1
|Jun low C = 14.0
|Jul low C = 15.8
|Aug low C = 15.9
|Sep low C = 14.2
|Oct low C = 11.6
|Nov low C = 7.9
|Dec low C = 5.6
|year low C = 

|Jan record low C = -10.2 <!--Guarda--->
|Feb record low C = −10.2 <!--Miranda do Douro, Carrazeda de Ansiães--->
|Mar record low C = -12.9 <!--Penhas Douradas 2005--->
|Apr record low C = -4.8 <!--Penhas Douradas--->
|May record low C = -2.2 <!--Lamas de Mouro 2021--->
|Jun record low C = -0.9 <!--Lamas de Mouro--->
|Jul record low C = 1.5  <!--Lamas de Mouro--->
|Aug record low C = 2.7  <!--Lamas de Mouro--->
|Sep record low C = -0.8 <!--Lamas de Mouro--->
|Oct record low C = -3.1 <!--Penhas Douradas--->
|Nov record low C = -10.9 <!--Mirandela 2007--->
|Dec record low C = -9.0 <!--Miranda do Douro 2007--->
|year record low C =

|precipitation color = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 105.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 73.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 77.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 75.5
|May precipitation mm = 61.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 21.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 9.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 13.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 42.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 109.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 114.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 115.5
|year precipitation mm = 

|Jan humidity = 85
|Feb humidity = 82
|Mar humidity = 79
|Apr humidity = 76
|May humidity = 72
|Jun humidity = 65
|Jul humidity = 57
|Aug humidity = 56
|Sep humidity = 63
|Oct humidity = 76
|Nov humidity = 83
|Dec humidity = 85
|year humidity =

|source = [[IPMA]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipma.pt/pt/publicacoes/boletins.jsp?cmbDep=cli&cmbTema=pcl&idDep=cli&idTema=pcl&curAno=-1 |title=Climatological bulletins (2003-2020)|publisher=Instituto de Meteorologia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/monitoriza.mensal/mmm-clima-PT100-tt.jsp |title=Monotorização mensal|publisher=Instituto de Meteorologia}}</ref> Portal do Clima (Humidity 1971-2000)<ref>{{cite web |title=Humidade relativa do ar Período 1971-2000, Continente |url=http://portaldoclima.pt/pt/ |publisher=[[IPMA]] |access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref>
}}

=== Climate change ===
[[Climate change]] in Portugal is causing rising temperatures and longer-lasting [[Heat wave|heat waves]], decreases in average rainfall and increases in the number of extremely rainy days (causing droughts and floods), and [[Sea level rise|rising sea levels]] which will threaten the country's many coastal populations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |title=Portugal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/portugal#:~:text=Portugal%20is%20vulnerable%20to%20the,amount%20of%20its%20population%20lives. |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=IEA |date=2021-08-20 |title=Portugal Climate Resilience Policy Indicator – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/articles/portugal-climate-resilience-policy-indicator |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Portugal is among the countries worst affected by [[Wildfire|wild fires]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=Extreme wildfires are ramping up in these countries as climate warms |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/06/25/portugal-is-among-the-worst-affected-countries-as-climate-change-ramps-up-extreme-wildfire#:~:text=Temperate%20conifer%20forests%20face%20rising,2015,%20according%20to%20the%20study. |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

In 2023 Portugal emitted around 339 million tonnes of [[Greenhouse gas|greenhouse gases]] (about 5 tonnes per person), equivalent to around 1% of global total emissions.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Matthew W. |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide |date=2024-11-13 |url=https://zenodo.org/records/14054503 |access-date=2025-03-11 |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.14054503 |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia}}</ref>  As a EU member state, Portugal is part of their joint plan to reduce emissions by a minimum of 55% by 2030, compared to the level of emissions in 1990. Portugal has committed to carbon neutrality and [[Net-zero emissions|net zero]] by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal  Climate Change Data {{!}} Emissions and Policies |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/PRT?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> As of 2023, oil made up 44% of Portugal's total energy supply. However the country phased out coal-fired generation in 2021 and has been developing [[Renewable energy|renewable energies]] such as [[Hydroelectricity|hydopower]] and [[wind power]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal - Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/portugal |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> and investing in public transport and [[Electric vehicle|electric vehicles]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal’s recovery and resilience plan - European Commission |url=https://commission.europa.eu/business-economy-euro/economic-recovery/recovery-and-resilience-facility/country-pages/portugals-recovery-and-resilience-plan_en#:~:text=Key%20measures%20for%20the%20green,part%20of%20the%20REPowerEU%20chapter. |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Portugal's National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030 - Climate Change Laws of the World |url=https://climate-laws.org/document/portugal-s-national-energy-and-climate-plan-for-2021-2030_47f6 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=climate-laws.org}}</ref>

=== Seasons ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Seasons
!Meteorological
!Astronomical
!real feel
|-
!spring
|1 March to 31 May
|20 March to 19 or 20 June
|March to May
|-
!summer
|1 June to 31 August
|20 or 21 June to 21 or 22 September
|June to September
|-
!autumn
|1 September to 30 November
|22 or 23 September to 20 or 21 December
|October to November
|-
!winter
|1 December to 28/29 February
|21 or 22 December to 20 March
|December to February
|}

=== Whole year UV Index table ===

Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipma.pt/en/ambiente/uv/|title=IPMA - IUV Geo|website=www.ipma.pt|access-date=2016-10-14}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = [[Continental Portugal]]
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
| Jan uv  = 2
| Feb uv  = 3
| Mar uv  = 5
| Apr uv  = 6
| May uv  = 8
| Jun uv  = 9
| Jul uv  = 9
| Aug uv  = 8
| Sep uv  = 6
| Oct uv  = 4
| Nov uv  = 3
| Dec uv  = 2
| year uv = 
| source = weather-atlas<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate of Lisbon |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/portugal/lisbon-climate |publisher=weather-atlas.com |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|location = the [[Azores]]
|single line = Yes
| Jan uv  = 2
| Feb uv  = 3
| Mar uv  = 5
| Apr uv  = 7
| May uv  = 8
| Jun uv  = 9
| Jul uv  = 9
| Aug uv  = 8
| Sep uv  = 7
| Oct uv  = 5
| Nov uv  = 3
| Dec uv  = 2
| year uv = 
| source = weather-atlas<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate of Angra do Heroísmo, Azores |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/portugal/angra-do-heroismo-climate |publisher=weather-atlas.com |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|location = [[Madeira]]
|single line = Yes
| Jan uv  = 3
| Feb uv  = 5
| Mar uv  = 6
| Apr uv  = 8
| May uv  = 9
| Jun uv  = 10
| Jul uv  = 10
| Aug uv  = 10
| Sep uv  = 8
| Oct uv  = 6
| Nov uv  = 4
| Dec uv  = 3
| year uv = 
| source = weather-atlas<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate of Funchal, Madeira |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/portugal/funchal-climate |publisher=weather-atlas.com |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>
}}