Editing Geography of Ethiopia (section)

==Climate==
{{Main article|Climate of Ethiopia}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map ETH present.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification]] zones of Ethiopia|266x266px]]

The [[climate of Ethiopia]] and its dependent territories varies greatly. It is temperate on the plateau and hot in the lowlands. The country lies wholly within the tropics, but its nearness to the [[equator]] is counterbalanced by the elevation of the land. At [[Addis Ababa]], which ranges from {{convert|2200|to|2600|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, maximum temperature is {{convert|26|C|F|1}} and minimum {{convert|4|C|F|1}}. The weather is usually sunny and dry, but the short (''belg'') rains occur from February to April and the large (''meher'') rains from mid-June to mid-September. Over the greater part of Ethiopia as well as the [[Oromia]] highlands, the climate is very healthy and temperate. However, in the deep valleys of the [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]] and [[Abay River|Abay]], and generally in places below {{convert|1200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, the conditions are tropical and diseases such as [[malaria]] are prevalent. The [[Somali Region]] and the [[Danakil Depression]] in the [[Afar (region)|Afar Region]] have a hot, sunny and dry climate producing fully desert or semi-desert conditions. The terrain in the lower basin of the [[Sobat River|Sobat]] is hot, swampy and malarious.{{sfn|Cana|1911|p=85}}

In the uplands, the air is cool and bracing in summer, and in winter very bleak. The mean range of temperature is between {{convert|15|and|25|°C|°F}}. On the higher mountains the climate is [[Alpine climate|alpine]] in character. The atmosphere on the plateaus is exceedingly clear, so that objects are easily recognizable at great distances. In addition to the variation in climate dependent on elevation, the year may be divided into three seasons. Winter, or the cold season, lasts from October to February. It is followed by a dry hot period, which about the middle of June gives place to the rainy season. The rain is heaviest in the Tekezé basin in July and August.{{sfn|Cana|1911|p=85}}

In the former provinces of [[Gojjam]] and [[Welega Province|Welega]], heavy rains continue till the middle of September. October is occasionally a wet month. There are also spring and winter rains; indeed rain often falls in every month of the year. But the rainy season proper, caused by the southwest monsoon, lasts from June to mid-September, and commencing in the north moves southward. In the region of the headwaters of the Sobat the rains begin earlier and last longer. The rainfall varies from about {{convert|750|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} a year in [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] and [[Amhara Region|Amhara]] to over {{convert|1000|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in parts of Oromia.{{sfn|Cana|1911|p=85}}

The rainy season is of great importance not only to Ethiopia but to the countries of the Nile valley, as the prosperity of the eastern Sudan and [[Egypt]] is largely dependent upon the rainfall. A season of light rain may be sufficient for the needs of Ethiopia, but there is little surplus water to find its way to the Nile; and a shortness of rain means a low Nile, as practically all the flood water of that river is derived from the Ethiopian tributaries.{{sfn|Cana|1911|p=85}}

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Addis Ababa (1981–2010, extremes 1898–present)
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|collapsed = yes
|Jan record high C = 28.8
|Feb record high C = 30.6
|Mar record high C = 30.0
|Apr record high C = 30.2
|May record high C = 29.5
|Jun record high C = 29.0
|Jul record high C = 29.1
|Aug record high C = 28.0
|Sep record high C = 25.6
|Oct record high C = 27.1
|Nov record high C = 29.5
|Dec record high C = 26.5
|year record high C = 30.6
|Jan high C = 24
|Feb high C = 24
|Mar high C = 25
|Apr high C = 24
|May high C = 25
|Jun high C = 23
|Jul high C = 21
|Aug high C = 21
|Sep high C = 22
|Oct high C = 23
|Nov high C = 23
|Dec high C = 23
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 16.0
|Feb mean C = 16.8
|Mar mean C = 17.8
|Apr mean C = 17.8
|May mean C = 18.2
|Jun mean C = 16.8
|Jul mean C = 15.5
|Aug mean C = 15.6
|Sep mean C = 16.1
|Oct mean C = 16.1
|Nov mean C = 15.4
|Dec mean C = 15.2
|year mean C = 16.4
|Jan low C = 8
|Feb low C = 9
|Mar low C = 10
|Apr low C = 11
|May low C = 11
|Jun low C = 10
|Jul low C = 10
|Aug low C = 10
|Sep low C = 10
|Oct low C = 9
|Nov low C = 7
|Dec low C = 7
|year low =
|Jan record low C = 0.0
|Feb record low C = 0.1
|Mar record low C = 0.0
|Apr record low C = 2.5
|May record low C = 4.0
|Jun record low C = 4.2
|Jul record low C = 5.4
|Aug record low C = 5.7
|Sep record low C = 3.9
|Oct record low C = 0.0
|Nov record low C = 0.0
|Dec record low C = 0.0
|year record low C = 0.0
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 13
|Feb rain mm = 30
|Mar rain mm = 58
|Apr rain mm = 82
|May rain mm = 84
|Jun rain mm = 138
|Jul rain mm = 280
|Aug rain mm = 290
|Sep rain mm = 149
|Oct rain mm = 27
|Nov rain mm = 7
|Dec rain mm = 7
|year rain mm =
|unit rain days = 0.1 mm
|Jan rain days = 3
|Feb rain days = 5
|Mar rain days = 7
|Apr rain days = 10
|May rain days = 10
|Jun rain days = 20
|Jul rain days = 27
|Aug rain days = 26
|Sep rain days = 18
|Oct rain days = 4
|Nov rain days = 1
|Dec rain days = 1
|year rain days =
|Jan humidity = 52
|Feb humidity = 51
|Mar humidity = 53
|Apr humidity = 59
|May humidity = 55
|Jun humidity = 68
|Jul humidity = 78
|Aug humidity = 80
|Sep humidity = 75
|Oct humidity = 57
|Nov humidity = 53
|Dec humidity = 53
|year humidity = 62
|Jan sun = 266.6
|Feb sun = 206.2
|Mar sun = 241.8
|Apr sun = 210.0
|May sun = 238.7
|Jun sun = 174.0
|Jul sun = 111.6
|Aug sun = 133.3
|Sep sun = 162.0
|Oct sun = 248.0
|Nov sun = 267.0
|Dec sun = 288.3
|year sun =
|Jand sun = 8.6
|Febd sun = 7.3
|Mard sun = 7.8
|Aprd sun = 7.0
|Mayd sun = 7.7
|Jund sun = 5.8
|Juld sun = 3.6
|Augd sun = 4.3
|Sepd sun = 5.4
|Octd sun = 8.0
|Novd sun = 8.9
|Decd sun = 9.3
|yeard sun = 7.0
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]] (average high and low, and rainfall)<ref name=AddisAbabaWMO>{{cite web
| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/060/c00162.htm
| title = World Weather Information Service – Addis Ababa
| access-date = 31 March 2019
| publisher = World Meteorological Organisation
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131022180728/http://worldweather.wmo.int/060/c00162.htm
| archive-date = 22 October 2013
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (mean temperatures 1961–1990, humidity 1951–1990, and sun 1985–1998)<ref name = DWDaddisababa>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_634500_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Addis Abeba ({{sic|hide=y|Ad|is Ababa}} ) / Äthiopien
| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 31 March 2019}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = addisababameteoclimat>
{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1837
| title = Station Addis Abeba
| publisher = Météo Climat
| language = fr
| access-date = 31 March 2019}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
| location = Dire Dawa (extremes 1952–present)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| collapsed = yes
| Jan record high C = 38.0
| Feb record high C = 42.0
| Mar record high C = 42.0
| Apr record high C = 37.8
| May record high C = 39.9
| Jun record high C = 39.5
| Jul record high C = 38.2
| Aug record high C = 37.3
| Sep record high C = 37.4
| Oct record high C = 38.4
| Nov record high C = 36.4
| Dec record high C = 36.0
| year record high C = 42.0
| Jan high C = 28.3
| Feb high C = 29.5
| Mar high C = 30.9
| Apr high C = 30.9
| May high C = 33.7
| Jun high C = 33.7
| Jul high C = 32.3
| Aug high C = 31.0
| Sep high C = 32.3
| Oct high C = 32.1
| Nov high C = 29.9
| Dec high C = 28.3
| year high C = 31.1
| Jan mean C = 22.1
| Feb mean C = 23.2
| Mar mean C = 25.2
| Apr mean C = 26.0
| May mean C = 27.8
| Jun mean C = 28.5
| Jul mean C = 27.0
| Aug mean C = 26.3
| Sep mean C = 26.6
| Oct mean C = 25.9
| Nov mean C = 23.5
| Dec mean C = 22.3
| year mean C = 25.4
| Jan low C = 14.8
| Feb low C = 15.5
| Mar low C = 18.2
| Apr low C = 19.6
| May low C = 20.7
| Jun low C = 21.6
| Jul low C = 20.4
| Aug low C = 19.2
| Sep low C = 19.6
| Oct low C = 18.1
| Nov low C = 15.6
| Dec low C = 14.4
| year low C = 18.1
| Jan record low C = 3.0
| Feb record low C = 6.0
| Mar record low C = 7.2
| Apr record low C = 5.0
| May record low C = 10.3
| Jun record low C = 11.8
| Jul record low C = 7.3
| Aug record low C = 6.5
| Sep record low C = 8.5
| Oct record low C = 6.0
| Nov record low C = 7.6
| Dec record low C = 1.0
| year record low C = 1.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 15
| Feb rain mm = 27
| Mar rain mm = 74
| Apr rain mm = 113
| May rain mm = 78
| Jun rain mm = 42
| Jul rain mm = 115
| Aug rain mm = 158
| Sep rain mm = 105
| Oct rain mm = 36
| Nov rain mm = 16
| Dec rain mm = 13
| year rain mm =
| unit rain days = 0.1 mm
| Jan rain days = 2
| Feb rain days = 3
| Mar rain days = 7
| Apr rain days = 10
| May rain days = 6
| Jun rain days = 5
| Jul rain days = 11
| Aug rain days = 14
| Sep rain days = 10
| Oct rain days = 3
| Nov rain days = 2
| Dec rain days = 1
| year rain days =
| Jan humidity = 55
| Feb humidity = 56
| Mar humidity = 55
| Apr humidity = 55
| May humidity = 47
| Jun humidity = 44
| Jul humidity = 50
| Aug humidity = 53
| Sep humidity = 52
| Oct humidity = 45
| Nov humidity = 49
| Dec humidity = 51
| year humidity = 51
| Jan dew point C =11
| Feb dew point C =12
| Mar dew point C =12
| Apr dew point C =15
| May dew point C =15
| Jun dew point C =14
| Jul dew point C =15
| Aug dew point C =16
| Sep dew point C =15
| Oct dew point C =12
| Nov dew point C =12
| Dec dew point C =11
| Jan sun = 294.5
| Feb sun = 265.6
| Mar sun = 257.3
| Apr sun = 246.0
| May sun = 244.9
| Jun sun = 204.0
| Jul sun = 220.1
| Aug sun = 244.9
| Sep sun = 234.0
| Oct sun = 248.0
| Nov sun = 282.0
| Dec sun = 300.7
| year sun =
| Jand sun = 9.5
| Febd sun = 9.4
| Mard sun = 8.3
| Aprd sun = 8.2
| Mayd sun = 7.9
| Jund sun = 6.8
| Juld sun = 7.1
| Augd sun = 7.9
| Sepd sun = 7.8
| Octd sun = 8.0
| Novd sun = 9.4
| Decd sun = 9.7
| yeard sun = 8.3
| source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]],<ref name = diredawaDWD>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_634710_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Dire Dawa (Diredaua), Provinz Harar / Äthiopien
| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 31 March 2019}}</ref> [[World Meteorological Organisation]] (rainfall 1981–2010)<ref name=DiredawaWMO>{{cite web
| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/060/c00165.htm
| title = World Weather Information Service – Dire Dawa
| access-date = 31 March 2019
| publisher = World Meteorological Organisation
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131023022947/http://worldweather.wmo.int/060/c00165.htm
| archive-date = 23 October 2013
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
| source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows),<ref name = diredawameteoclimat>
{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1830
| title = Station Diredawa
| publisher = Météo Climat
| language = fr
| access-date = 31 March 2019}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/ethiopia/dire-dawa/climate
|title = Climate & Weather Averages in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
|publisher = Time and Date
|access-date = 11 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|location = Mek'ele
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|collapsed = Yes
|width = auto

|Jan high F = 73
|Feb high F = 75
|Mar high F = 77
|Apr high F = 79
|May high F = 81
|Jun high F = 81
|Jul high F = 80
|Aug high F = 73
|Sep high F = 77
|Oct high F = 75
|Nov high F = 73
|Dec high F = 72
|year high F = 75.8

|Jan mean F = 67.1
|Feb mean F = 68.9
|Mar mean F = 70.7
|Apr mean F = 72.5
|May mean F = 74.3
|Jun mean F = 74.3
|Jul mean F = 68.9
|Aug mean F = 68.0
|Sep mean F = 70.7
|Oct mean F = 68.9
|Nov mean F = 67.1
|Dec mean F = 65.3
|year mean F = 69.7

|Jan low F = 61
|Feb low F = 63
|Mar low F = 64
|Apr low F = 66
|May low F = 68
|Jun low F = 68
|Jul low F = 64
|Aug low F = 63
|Sep low F = 64
|Oct low F = 63
|Nov low F = 61
|Dec low F = 59
|year low F = 63.7

|Jan rain inch = 1.4
|Feb rain inch = 0.4
|Mar rain inch = 1
|Apr rain inch = 1.8
|May rain inch = 1.4
|Jun rain inch = 1.2
|Jul rain inch = 7.9
|Aug rain inch = 8.5
|Sep rain inch = 1.4
|Oct rain inch = 0.4
|Nov rain inch = 1.2
|Dec rain inch = 1.6
|rain colour = green
|source 1 = Weatherbase<ref name=MekeleWeatherbase>
{{cite web
|url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=592516&cityname=Mekele-Tigray-Region
|title =Weatherbase.com
|publisher=Weatherbase
|year=2018
}}
Retrieved on October 30, 2018.
</ref>
|date=October 2018
}}

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|collapsed = yes
|location = Dallol (1960-1966)
|Jan record high C = 39
|Feb record high C = 42
|Mar record high C = 48
|Apr record high C = 46
|May record high C = 49
|Jun record high F = 119
|Jul record high F = 121
|Aug record high F = 119
|Sep record high F = 119
|Oct record high C = 46
|Nov record high F = 111
|Dec record high C = 41
|Jan high C = 36.1
|Feb high C = 36.1
|Mar high C = 38.9
|Apr high C = 40.6
|May high C = 44.4
|Jun high C = 46.7
|Jul high C = 45.6
|Aug high C = 45.0
|Sep high C = 42.8
|Oct high C = 41.7
|Nov high C = 39.4
|Dec high C = 36.7
|Jan mean C = 30.3
|Feb mean C = 30.5
|Mar mean C = 32.5
|Apr mean C = 33.9
|May mean C = 36.4
|Jun mean C = 38.6
|Jul mean C = 38.7
|Aug mean C = 37.6
|Sep mean C = 37.3
|Oct mean C = 35.6
|Nov mean C = 33.2
|Dec mean C = 30.8
|Jan low F = 76.3
|Feb low F = 76.3
|Mar low F = 78.8
|Apr low F = 80.8
|May low F = 83.3
|Jun low F = 86.8
|Jul low F = 89.2
|Aug low F = 88.0
|Sep low F = 88.8
|Oct low F = 85.3
|Nov low F = 80.8
|Dec low F = 78.3
|Jan record low C = 22
|Feb record low C = 22
|Mar record low C = 21
|Apr record low C = 21
|May record low F = 73
|Jun record low C = 25
|Jul record low C = 24
|Aug record low C = 24
|Sep record low F = 81
|Oct record low F = 79
|Nov record low C = 24
|Dec record low C = 24
|source = <ref name = Dallldep>D.E. Pedgley, "Air Temperature at Dallol, Ethiopia," Meteorological Magazine v.96 (1967): 265-271</ref><ref>
{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.erm.com/PageFiles/5699/Draft-Scoping-Report/Chapter-8-part-1-Draft-Scoping-Report.pdf
 |title       = Allana Potash Corp, Ethiopia Project
 |accessdate  = 2014-08-11
 |publisher   = Environmental Resources Management
 |url-status     = dead
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20151120080828/http://www.erm.com/PageFiles/5699/Draft-Scoping-Report/Chapter-8-part-1-Draft-Scoping-Report.pdf
 |archivedate = 20 November 2015
 |df          = dmy-all
}}</ref>

|date = January 2013}}