Editing Geography of Bermuda (section)

==Climate==
[[Image:Gulf Stream water temperature.jpg|right|thumb|Bermuda's climate is partly determined by its location to the east of the warm, poleward-moving [[Gulf Stream]].]]
According to the [[Köppen climate classification]] Bermuda lies in the transition zone between [[tropical rainforest climate]] (''Af'') and [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa''). Although Bermuda meets the temperature threshold of a tropical climate (coolest month has a mean temperature of {{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}} or higher), the higher latitude of Bermuda (32°18′North) is north of the latitude that most tropical climates are typically found. Bermuda has never experienced a freeze or frost, and winters are quite warm by European and North American standards.

Bermuda experiences hot and humid summers (mid-summer high temperatures generally reach as high a {{convert|86|F|C}}, with a record high of {{convert|93|F|C}} during August, 1989)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foreverbermuda.com/weather-climate |title=Weather & Climate |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2014-04-01 |website=ForeverBermuda |publisher=Bernews Network |access-date=2021-06-12 |quote= |archive-date=2021-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612164449/http://www.foreverbermuda.com/weather-climate |url-status=dead }}</ref> with the majority of precipitation falling from isolated showers and thunderstorms, and mild winters. Occasional [[Tropical wave|Tropical Waves]] and [[Tropical Cyclones]] can also play a role in summertime precipitation totals when they exit the tropics. Winters are mild to semi-warm, with temperatures rarely falling below {{convert|10|C|F}}. Precipitation in wintertime is controlled by fronts moving eastward from the North American continent and into the Atlantic Ocean. During the peak of winter in Bermuda, these fronts can be followed by northwesterly gales and gusty showers that sometimes contain small hail. Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed through the year, but is somewhat less reliable in April and especially May, Bermuda's driest months on average, when the [[Bermuda-Azores High]] can bring extended dry spells. Summers are hot and humid, with frequent intense (but brief) thundershowers. On average, August is the wettest month. It is not uncommon, during the summer, to ride on sunbaked roads, then round a corner to come suddenly on drenched and steaming tarmac where a shower has passed only minutes earlier.

Bermuda's weather is largely controlled by the position and structure of the Bermuda-Azores High. This semi-permanent high pressure area (often centered southwest of the Azores) extends a ridge westward toward Bermuda during the spring and summer when the high is most intense. Oriented west-to-east to the near south of Bermuda, clockwise flow around the surface high brings [[prevailing winds]] from the southwest for much of the summer and subsequently prevents fronts from reaching the island. However, the ridge sometimes shifts to the north of the island allowing easterly or northeasterly winds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather.bm/ClimateReport/data/climatology.html|title=Bermuda Weather}}</ref> In fall and winter, the ridge near Bermuda becomes more transient, allowing frontal systems to affect the island. Winds around these systems are much more variable (and often stronger) but typically settle out of the southwest ahead of a cold front and shift to the west or northwest behind a cold front.

A local weather phenomenon that occurs mainly in late summer is colloquially known as "Morgan's Cloud".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather.bm/glossary/Glossary.asp|title = BWS Glossary}}</ref> On otherwise fair, hot summer days with light southwesterly winds, [[convection|convective]] clouds can develop along the length of the island and blow to the northeast growing. In extreme cases, this cloud formation can develop into heavy showers and thunderstorms and it has been known to produce funnel clouds and waterspouts in the eastern parishes. This phenomenon also occurs in the less common northeasterly wind regime ("reverse" Morgan's Cloud) but its effects are felt in the western parishes. The key to Morgan's Cloud forming is light winds blowing along the length of the island which is often warmer than the surrounding waters on hot summer days. This organizes upward motions allowing this cloud formation to occur. Similar localized cloud development is observed in linear tropical and subtropical islands globally. Furthermore, showers following strong cold fronts in wintertime form in a similar manner to [[lake-effect snow]]. Cold air blowing over warm water decreases atmospheric stability, allowing convection to form and grow into showers.

The [[USDA Hardiness Zone|hardiness zone]] is 11B/12A. In other words, the coldest that the annual minimum temperature may be expected to be is between {{convert|50|and|55|F|C}}. This is unusual for such a northerly latitude, and is a half-zone higher than the lower [[Florida Keys]].

{{Weather box
| location = Bermuda ([[L.F. Wade International Airport]]) (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1949-2023){{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 2006 to 2023.}}
| width= 70%
| single line = Y
| metric first = Y
| Jan high C =20.7
| Feb high C =20.4
| Mar high C =20.5
| Apr high C =22.1
| May high C =24.3
| Jun high C =27.2
| Jul high C =29.6
| Aug high C =30.1
| Sep high C =29.1
| Oct high C =26.7
| Nov high C = 23.8
| Dec high C = 21.8
| year high C =24.7
| Jan low C =15.9
| Feb low C =15.4
| Mar low C =15.6
| Apr low C =17.3
| May low C =19.8
| Jun low C =22.7
| Jul low C =24.9
| Aug low C =25.2
| Sep low C =24.4
| Oct low C =22.2
| Nov low C =19.3
| Dec low C =17.3
| year low C =20.0
| Jan mean C =18.3
| Feb mean C =17.9
| Mar mean C =18.1
| Apr mean C =19.7
| May mean C =22.0
| Jun mean C =25.0
| Jul mean C =27.2
| Aug mean C =27.7
| Sep mean C =26.7
| Oct mean C =24.4
| Nov mean C =21.6
| Dec mean C =19.6
| year mean C =22.4
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm =127.6
| Feb precipitation mm =123.6
| Mar precipitation mm =118.9
| Apr precipitation mm =86.8
| May precipitation mm =94.6
| Jun precipitation mm =110.2
| Jul precipitation mm =116.2
| Aug precipitation mm =165.2
| Sep precipitation mm =145.2
| Oct precipitation mm =149.1
| Nov precipitation mm =111.6
| Dec precipitation mm =104.8
| year precipitation mm =1,453.8
| unit precipitation days = 1 mm
| Jan precipitation days =13.8
| Feb precipitation days =12.6
| Mar precipitation days =12.2
| Apr precipitation days =8.9
| May precipitation days =7.8
| Jun precipitation days =9.9
| Jul precipitation days =10.7
| Aug precipitation days =13.2
| Sep precipitation days =11.6
| Oct precipitation days =12.1
| Nov precipitation days =11.8
| Dec precipitation days =11.7
| year precipitation days =136.3
| Jan record high F = 77.7
| Feb record high F = 79.0
| Mar record high F = 79.0
| Apr record high F = 81.0
| May record high F = 86.0
| Jun record high C = 32.2
| Jul record high C = 33.1
| Aug record high F = 93.0
| Sep record high C = 33.2
| Oct record high F = 89.0
| Nov record high F = 84.0
| Dec record high F = 80.0
| Jan record low C = 7.2
| Feb record low C = 6.3
| Mar record low F = 45.0
| Apr record low F = 48.0
| May record low C = 12.1
| Jun record low C = 15.2
| Jul record low C = 16.1
| Aug record low F = 68.0
| Sep record low F = 66.0
| Oct record low F = 58.0
| Nov record low C = 12.4
| Dec record low C = 9.1
|Jan avg record high C = 23.4
|Feb avg record high C = 23.1
|Mar avg record high C = 23.5
|Apr avg record high C = 24.4
|May avg record high C = 26.5
|Jun avg record high C = 29.1
|Jul avg record high C = 30.7
|Aug avg record high C = 31.2
|Sep avg record high C = 30.6
|Oct avg record high C = 28.9
|Nov avg record high C = 26.3
|Dec avg record high C = 24.5
|year avg record high C = 31.3
|Jan avg record low C = 11.5
|Feb avg record low C = 11.6
|Mar avg record low C = 11.4
|Apr avg record low C = 14.0
|May avg record low C = 16.3
|Jun avg record low C = 19.4
|Jul avg record low C = 21.7
|Aug avg record low C = 22.5
|Sep avg record low C = 21.4
|Oct avg record low C = 19.0
|Nov avg record low C = 15.9
|Dec avg record low C = 13.6
|year avg record low C = 10.2
| Jan humidity = 73
| Feb humidity = 73
| Mar humidity = 73
| Apr humidity = 74
| May humidity = 79
| Jun humidity = 81
| Jul humidity = 80
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 77
| Oct humidity = 74
| Nov humidity = 72
| Dec humidity = 72
| year humidity =
|Jan dew point C = 13.4
|Feb dew point C = 13.3
|Mar dew point C = 12.9
|Apr dew point C = 15.2
|May dew point C = 17.7
|Jun dew point C = 21.1
|Jul dew point C = 22.8
|Aug dew point C = 23.1
|Sep dew point C = 22.2
|Oct dew point C = 19.8
|Nov dew point C = 16.6
|Dec dew point C = 14.6
|Jan sun = 143.2
|Feb sun = 147.6
|Mar sun = 189.7
|Apr sun = 231.9
|May sun = 255.9
|Jun sun = 255.6
|Jul sun = 284.6
|Aug sun = 272.7
|Sep sun = 221.8
|Oct sun = 198.3
|Nov sun = 168.0
|Dec sun = 146.6
|year sun = 
|source = Bermuda Weather Service (mean max and min 2006-2023, humidity 1995-2010, dew point 2002-2018, sun 1999-2019)<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.bm/climateArchiveDocuments/Summary%20And%20Miscellaneous/1991-2020_Bermuda-78016_PrincipalNormals1991-2020.xlsx
| title =  Bermuda Principal Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = [[Bermuda Weather Service]]
| access-date = January 13, 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.bm/climateArchiveDocuments/Summary%20And%20Miscellaneous/1981_2010_Monthly_Stats_Updated_20190502.xlsx
| title =  1981-2010 Monthly Stats
| publisher = [[Bermuda Weather Service]]
| access-date = January 13, 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.bm/climateArchiveDocuments/Summary%20And%20Miscellaneous/2002_2018_DewPoint_Statistics_Updated_20190614.xlsx
| title =  2002-2018 Dew Point Statistics
| publisher = [[Bermuda Weather Service]]
| access-date = January 13, 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.bm/climateArchiveDocuments/Summary%20And%20Miscellaneous/1949_1999_ClimateSummary.html
| title =  1949-1999 Climate Summary
| publisher = [[Bermuda Weather Service]]
| access-date = January 13, 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.bm/climateReport/climateReport_AnnualData.asp
| title =  Climate Report - Annual Data
| publisher = [[Bermuda Weather Service]]
| access-date = January 13, 2024
}}</ref>
}}

{|class="wikitable"
|+Average sea temperature<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.bm/climate.asp |title=Monthly Sea Temperature Averages for St. George's Harbour, Bermuda (1985-2000 Data) |access-date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216052441/http://www.weather.bm/climate.asp |archive-date=December 16, 2009 }}</ref>
|-
!'''Jan'''
!'''Feb'''
!'''Mar'''
!'''Apr'''
!'''May'''
!'''Jun'''
!'''Jul'''
!'''Aug'''
!'''Sep'''
!'''Oct'''
!'''Nov'''
!'''Dec'''
|-
|{{convert|19.2|C|F}}
|{{convert|18.6|C|F}}
|{{convert|18.5|C|F}}
|{{convert|20.1|C|F}}
|{{convert|22.4|C|F}}
|{{convert|25.3|C|F}}
|{{convert|27.7|C|F}}
|{{convert|28.3|C|F}}
|{{convert|27.4|C|F}}
|{{convert|24.9|C|F}}
|{{convert|22.4|C|F}}
|{{convert|20.1|C|F}}
|}