Editing Genomics (section)

=== Complete genomes ===
The advent of these technologies resulted in a rapid intensification in the scope and speed of completion of [[Genome project|genome sequencing projects]]. The first complete genome sequence of a [[eukaryotic organelle]], the human [[mitochondrion]] (16,568 bp, about 16.6 kb &#91;kilobase&#93;), was reported in 1981,<ref name = "Anderson_1981"/> and the first [[chloroplast]] genomes followed in 1986.<ref name = "Shinozaki_1986"/><ref name = "Ohyama_1986"/> In 1992, the first eukaryotic [[chromosome]], chromosome III of brewer's yeast ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' (315 kb) was sequenced.<ref name = "Oliver_1992"/> The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' (1.8 Mb &#91;megabase&#93;) in 1995.<ref name = "Fleischmann_1995"/> The following year a consortium of researchers from laboratories across [[North America]], [[Europe]], and [[Japan]] announced the completion of the first complete genome sequence of a eukaryote, ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae|S. cerevisiae]]'' (12.1 Mb), and since then genomes have continued being sequenced at an exponentially growing pace.<ref name = "Goffeau_1996"/> {{As of|2011|October}}, the complete sequences are available for: 2,719 [[virus]]es, 1,115 [[archaea]] and [[bacteria]], and 36 [[eukaryote]]s, of which about half are [[fungi]].<ref name = "Viruses_2011"/><ref name = "Entrez_2011"/>

[[File:Number of prokaryotic genomes and sequencing costs.svg|left|thumb|300px|The number of genome projects has increased as technological improvements continue to lower the cost of sequencing. '''(A)''' Exponential growth of genome sequence databases since 1995. '''(B)''' The cost in US Dollars (USD) to sequence one million bases. '''(C)''' The cost in USD to sequence a 3,000 Mb (human-sized) genome on a log-transformed scale.|alt="Hockey stick" graph showing the exponential growth of public sequence databases.]]

Most of the microorganisms whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic [[pathogen]]s, such as ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'', which has resulted in a pronounced bias in their phylogenetic distribution compared to the breadth of microbial diversity.<ref name = "Zimmer_2009a"/><ref name = "Geba_2009"/> Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'') has long been an important [[model organism]] for the [[eukaryotic cell]], while the fruit fly ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular [[genetics]]). The worm ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans]]'' is an often used simple model for [[multicellular organism]]s. The zebrafish ''[[Brachydanio rerio]]'' is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level, and the plant ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' is a model organism for flowering plants.  The [[Japanese pufferfish]] (''[[Takifugu rubripes]]'') and the [[Dichotomyctere nigroviridis|spotted green pufferfish]] (''[[Tetraodon nigroviridis]]'') are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, which contain very little [[noncoding DNA]] compared to most species.<ref name = "BBC_2004"/><ref name = "Yue_2001"/> The mammals dog (''[[Canis familiaris]]''),<ref name = "nhgriDog2004"/> brown rat (''[[Rattus norvegicus]]''), mouse (''[[Mus musculus]]''), and chimpanzee (''[[Pan troglodytes]]'') are all important model animals in medical research.<ref name = "Darden_2010"/>

A rough draft of the [[human genome]] was completed by the [[Human Genome Project]] in early 2001, creating much fanfare.<ref name = "McElheny_2010"/> This project, completed in 2003, sequenced the entire genome for one specific person, and by 2007 this sequence was declared "finished" (less than one error in 20,000 bases and all chromosomes assembled).<ref name = "McElheny_2010"/> In the years since then, the genomes of many other individuals have been sequenced, partly under the auspices of the [[1000 Genomes Project]], which announced the sequencing of 1,092 genomes in October 2012.<ref name = "1000genomes2012"/> Completion of this project was made possible by the development of dramatically more efficient sequencing technologies and required the commitment of significant [[bioinformatics]] resources from a large international collaboration.<ref name = "Neilsen_2012"/> The continued analysis of human genomic data has profound political and social repercussions for human societies.<ref name = "Barnes_2008"/>