Editing Gender studies (section)

===Post-modern influence===
The emergence of [[post-modernism]] theories affected gender studies,<ref name="Lacan & Post-feminism"/> causing a movement in [[Gender identity|identity theories]] away from the concept of fixed or [[essentialism|essentialist]] gender identity, to [[Postmodernity#Distinctions in philosophy and critical theory|post-modern]]<ref>{{cite book | first=Margret | last=Grebowicz | author-link=Margret Grebowicz | year=2007 | title=Gender After Lyotard | location=NY | publisher=SUNY Press}}</ref> fluid<ref>{{cite book | editor-last=Zohar | editor-first=Ayelet | title=PostGender | publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing | year=2009 }}</ref> or multiple identities.<ref>[[Seyla Benhabib|Benhabib, S.]] (1995). "Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange", and Butler, J. (1995), "Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange".</ref> The impact of [[post-structuralism]], and its literary theory aspect post-modernism, on gender studies was most prominent in its challenge of grand narratives. Post-structuralism paved the way for the emergence of [[queer theory]] in gender studies, which necessitated the field expanding its purview to sexuality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genderandsexuality.as.nyu.edu/page/home|title=Gender and Sexuality Studies – New York University|work=nyu.edu|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>

In addition to the expansion to include sexuality studies, under the influence of post-modernism gender studies has also turned its lens toward [[hegemonic masculinity|masculinity studies]], due to the work of sociologists and theorists such as [[R. W. Connell]], [[Michael Kimmel]], and E. Anthony Rotundo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity From The Revolution to the Modern Era|author= E. Anthony Rotundo|isbn= 9780465001699|date= 1994-05-13|publisher= Basic Books}}</ref><ref>Reeser, ''Masculinities in Theory'', 2010.</ref> These changes and expansions have led to some contentions within the field, such as the one between second wave feminists and queer theorists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amygoodloe.com/papers/lesbian-feminism-and-queer-theory-another-battle-of-the-sexes/|first=Amy | last=Goodloe | author-link=Amy Goodloe | title=Lesbian-Feminism and Queer Theory: Another "Battle of the Sexes"?|work=amygoodloe.com|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref> The line drawn between these two camps lies in the problem as feminists see it of queer theorists arguing that everything is fragmented and there are not only no grand narratives but also no trends or categories. Feminists argue that this erases the categories of gender altogether but does nothing to antagonize the power dynamics reified by gender. In other words, the fact that gender is [[social construction|socially constructed]] does not undo the fact that there are strata of oppression between genders.