Editing Gender role (section)

===Geert Hofstede===
[[File:Landsdowne Herakles.jpg|thumb|upright|In Greek mythology, [[Heracles]] is synonymous with [[Apollonian]] masculinity.]]
[[Geert Hofstede]], a Dutch researcher and social psychologist who dedicated himself to the study of culture, sees culture as "broad patterns of thinking, feeling and acting" in a society<ref>Hoststede, Geert. 1998. Masculinity and Femininity: The Taboo Dimension of National Cultures. p. 5</ref> In Hofstede's view, most human cultures can themselves be classified as either masculine or feminine.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hofstede |first=G. |date=1980 |title=Culture's consequences: international differences in work-related values |location=Beverly Hills, CA |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]}}</ref>{{pn|date=February 2025}} Masculine culture clearly distinguishes between gender roles, directing men to "be assertive, tough, and focused on material success," and women to "be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life."<ref name="Hof 2001" /> Feminine cultures tolerate overlapping gender roles, and instruct that "both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life."<ref name="Hof 2001">Hofstede (2001), Culture's Consequences, 2nd ed. p. 297.</ref>

Hofstede's ''Feminine and Masculine Culture Dimensions'' states:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hofstede |first1=G. |year=1986 |title=Cultural differences in teaching and learning |journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations |volume=10 |issue=3 |page=308 |doi=10.1016/0147-1767(86)90015-5}}</ref>

<blockquote>Masculine cultures expect men to be assertive, ambitious and competitive, to strive for material success, and to respect whatever is big, strong, and fast. Masculine cultures expect women to serve and care for the non-material quality of life, for children and for the weak. Feminine cultures, on the other hand, define relatively overlapping social roles for the sexes, in which, in particular, men need not be ambitious or competitive but may go for a different quality of life than material success; men may respect whatever is small, weak, and slow.</blockquote>

In feminine cultures, modesty and relationships are important characteristics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hofstede|first=Geert|year=2002|title=Consensus Societies with Their Own Character: National Cultures in Japan and the Netherlands.|journal=Comparative Sociology|volume=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1163/156913202317346728}}</ref> This differs from masculine cultures, where self-enhancement leads to self-esteem. Masculine cultures are individualistic and feminine cultures are more collective because of the significance of personal relationships.

'The dominant values in a masculine society are achievement and success; the dominant values in a feminine society are caring for others and quality of life'.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hofstede|first1=Geert|last2=de Mooij|first2=Marickc|title=The Hofstede model Applications to global branding and advertising strategy and research|journal=International Journal of Advertising|date=2010|volume=29|issue=1|page=89|doi=10.2501/S026504870920104X|s2cid=17561016}}</ref>