Editing GEM (desktop environment) (section)

===GEM===
===={{anchor|VDI|AES}}Intel versions====
The 16-bit version of GSX 1.3<ref name="Wong_1984_GSX"/><ref name="DRI_1984_MicroNotes3"/> evolved into one part of what would later be known as ''GEM'', which was an effort to build a full GUI system using the earlier GSX work as its basis. Originally known as '''Crystal''' as a play on an IBM project called '''Glass''', the name was later changed to '''GEM'''.

Under GEM, GSX became '''GEM VDI''' (Virtual Device Interface), responsible for basic graphics and drawing.<ref name="Elliott_GSX"/> VDI also added the ability to work with multiple [[Typeface|font]]s and added a selection of [[Raster graphics|raster]] drawing commands to the formerly [[vector graphics|vector]]-only GKS-based drawing commands. VDI also added multiple [[viewport]]s, a key addition for use with windows.<ref name="Elliott_VDI"/>

A new module, '''GEM AES''' (Application Environment Services), provided the window management and UI elements, and '''GEM Desktop''' used both libraries in combination to provide a GUI.<ref name="Elliott_AES"/> The 8086 version of the entire system was first officially demoed at [[COMDEX]] in November 1984,<ref name="DRI_GEM_Announce_1984"/><ref name="Fitler_1989"/> following a demonstration on the 80286-based [[Acorn Business Computer]] in September 1984 where the software had been attributed to Acorn,<ref name="pcw198501_gem">{{ cite news | url=https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerWorld1985-01/page/108/mode/1up | title=Newsprint | work=Personal Computer World | last1=Kewney | first1=Guy | date=January 1985 | access-date=19 March 2021 | pages=108 }}</ref> and the system was shipped as GEM/1 on 28 February 1985.<ref name="ANALOG_TCS_1"/>

====={{anchor|1.0|1.1|1.2|1.3}}GEM/1=====
[[File:Gem_11_Desktop.png|thumbnail|GEM 1.1 Desktop running in 640×350 EGA resolution]]
'''GEM Desktop 1.0''' was released on 28 February 1985.<ref name="ANALOG_TCS_1"/>
'''GEM Desktop 1.1''' was released on 10 April 1985 with support for [[Color Graphics Adapter|CGA]] and [[Enhanced Graphics Adapter|EGA]] displays.<ref name="Lineback_GEM11"/><ref name="Seasip_GEM11"/>
A version for the [[Apricot Computers]] F-Series, supporting 640×200 in up to 8 colors, was also available as '''GEM Desktop 1.2'''.<ref name="Seasip_Apricot"/>

Digital Research also positioned [[Concurrent DOS 4.1]] with GEM as alternative for [[IBM]]'s [[IBM TopView|TopView]].<ref name="CW_1985_CDOS"/>

DRI originally designed GEM for DOS so that it would check for and only run on IBM computers, and not [[IBM PC compatible|PC compatibles]] like those from [[Compaq]], as the company hoped to receive license fees from compatible makers. Developers reacted with what ''[[Byte (magazine)|BYTE]]'' described as "a small explosion"; it reported that at a DRI-hosted seminar in February 1985, more than half of the attendees agreed that GEM's incompatibility with Compaq was a serious limitation. Later that month the company removed the restriction.<ref name="Markoff_1985"/> Applications that supported GEM included Lifetree Software's [[GEM Write]].<ref name="Kisor_1985"/>

At this point, [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]] sued DRI<ref name="Dilger_2007"/>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2018}} in what would turn into a long dispute over the "look and feel" of the GEM/1 system, which was an almost direct copy of [[Macintosh]] (with some elements bearing a closer resemblance to those in the earlier [[Apple Lisa|Lisa]], available since January 1983). This eventually led to DRI being forced to change several basic features of the system.<ref name="NYT_1985_GEM"/><ref name="Watt_1985_Apple"/><ref name="Watt_1986_Reorg"/><ref name="GUI_History"/><ref name="Dilger_2007"/> (See also: [[Apple v. Digital Research]].) Apple would later go on to sue other companies for similar issues, including their [[Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.|copyright lawsuit against Microsoft and HP]].

In addition to printers the system also contained drivers for some more unusual devices such as the [[Polaroid Palette]].<ref name="DRI_1984_MicroNotes2"/>

====={{anchor|2.0}}GEM/2=====
[[File:Gem20about.png|thumbnail|GEM 2.0 displaying its Desktop Info dialog. This version of GEM supports 640×480 16-color VGA.]]
DRI responded with the "lawsuit-friendly" '''GEM Desktop 2.0''', released on 24 March 1986, which eventually added support for [[Video Graphics Array|VGA]], sometime after its release in 1987.<ref name="Lineback_GEM20"/> It allowed the display of only two fixed windows on the "desktop" (though other programs could do what they wished), changed the trash can icon, and removed the animations for things like opening and closing windows. It was otherwise similar to GEM/1, but also included a number of bug fixes and cosmetic improvements.

In 1988 Stewart Alsop II said that GEM was among several GUIs that "have already been knocked out" of the market by Apple, IBM/Microsoft, and others.<ref name="Alsop_1988"/>

=====GEM XM=====
<!-- section title used in redirects -->
'''GEM&nbsp;XM''' with "GEM Desktop 3.0" was an updated version of GEM/2 in 1986/1987 for [[DOS]] (including [[DOS Plus]]) which allowed task-switching and the ability to run up to ten<!-- one sources writes: twelve --> GEM and DOS programs at once, swapping out to [[expanded memory]] (XM) through [[Expanded Memory Specification|EMS]]/[[Enhanced Expanded Memory Specification|EEMS]] or to disk (including [[RAM disk]]s, thereby also allowing the use of [[extended memory]]).<ref name="Schemenaur_1986"/><ref name="Elliott_2013_GEMXM"/><ref name="DR_1987_GEMXM"/><ref name="Harris_2001"/> Data could be copied and pasted between applications through a [[clipboard (computing)|clipboard]] with filter function (a feature later also found in [[TaskMAX]] under [[DR DOS 6.0]]).<ref name="Elliott_2013_GEMXM"/> Digital Research planned to offer GEM XM as an option to GEM [[Draw Plus]] users and through OEM channels.<ref name="Schemenaur_1986"/>

The GEM&nbsp;XM [[source code]] is now freely available under the terms of [[GNU General Public License]].

{{See also|Concurrent DOS XM}}

====={{anchor|3.0|3.1|3.11}}GEM/3=====
[[File:Gem311about.png|thumbnail|GEM 3.11 displaying its Desktop Info dialog]]
The last retail release was '''GEM/3 Desktop''', released on 3 November 1988,<ref name="Lineback_GEM311"/> which had speed improvements and shipped with a number of basic applications. Commercial sales of GEM ended with GEM/3; the source code was subsequently made available to a number of DRI's leading customers.

While GEM/2 for the PC still provided a GSX API in addition to the GEM API; GEM/3 no longer did.<ref name="Elliott_GSX"/>

====={{anchor|GEM/4|Artline}}GEM/4 for CCP Artline=====
'''GEM/4''', released in 1990,<!-- possibly even 1989 --> included the ability to work with [[Bézier curve]]s, a feature still not commonly found outside the [[PostScript]] world.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} This version was produced specifically for [[Artline (program)|Artline]] 2, a drawing program from the German company [[CCP Development|CCP Development GmbH]].<ref name="DR_1990_Artline_URG"/><ref name="CW_1990_Artline"/><ref name="Seasip_GEM4"/><ref name="Krautter_1999"/><ref name="DR_1990_Artline_IST"/><ref name="DR_1990_Artline_GUG"/><ref name="DR_1991_Artline_RN"/>

The system also included changes to the font management system, which made it incompatible with the likes of [[Timeworks Publisher]].

Artline 1 still ran on GEM 3.1.<ref name="Krautter_1999"/>

====={{anchor|GEM/5}}GEM/5 for GST Timeworks Publisher=====
Another version of GEM called '''GEM/5'''<!-- release date? --><ref name="Seasip_GEM5"/> was produced by [[GST Software Products]] for [[Timeworks]]' [[Timeworks Publisher|Publisher]] 2.1.<!-- release date? --> It contained an updated look with 3D buttons, along with features such as on-the-fly font scaling. It came complete with all the standard GEM 3.1 tools. This version was produced from GEM 3.13 with only the Bézier handling taken from GEM/4.

=====ViewMAX for DR&nbsp;DOS=====
{{Main article|ViewMAX}}
[[File:Viewmax screen shot.png|thumb|Screenshot of [[ViewMAX]] file manager with user-defined colors]]
GEM Desktop itself was spun off in 1990 as a product known as [[ViewMAX]] which was used solely as a file management shell under [[DR&nbsp;DOS]]. In this form the system could not run other GEM programs. This led to a situation where a number of applications (including ViewMAX) could exist all with their own [[Static build|statically linked]] copy of the GEM system. This scenario was actually rare, as few native GEM programs were published. In 1991, [[ViewMAX 2]] was released.

In these forms, GEM survived until DRI was purchased by [[Novell]] in June 1991<ref name="Scott_1991"/><ref name="BW_1991"/> and all GEM development was cancelled.

=====X/GEM=====
<!-- section title used in redirects -->
Throughout this time DRI had also been working on making the GEM system capable of multitasking. This started with '''X/GEM''' based on GEM/1, but this required use of one of the multitasking CP/M-based operating systems.{{clarify|reason=Refs indicate a protected mode X window system in the late 1980, not something CP/M related.|date=September 2018}} DRI also produced X/GEM for their [[FlexOS]]<ref name="Fitler_1989"/><ref name="CW_1989"/> [[real-time operating system]] with adaptations for [[OS/2 Presentation Manager]]<ref name="Barney_1987"/><ref name="Fitler_1989"/> and the [[X Window System]] under preparation as well.<ref name="Fitler_1989"/>

=====Ventura Publisher=====
Lee Lorenzen left soon after the release of GEM/1, when it became clear that DRI had no strong interest in application development. He then joined with two other former DRI employees, Don Heiskell and John Meyer, to start [[Ventura Software]]. They developed [[Ventura Publisher]] (which was later marketed by [[Xerox]] and eventually by [[Corel]]), which would go on to be a very popular [[desktop publishing]] program for some time.

===={{anchor|ST GEM|GEMDOS}}Atari versions====
[[File:Tos492.png|thumbnail|TOS 4.92 ([[Atari Falcon]]) running HomePage Penguin and Desktop]]
{{Main article|Atari TOS}}

Development of the production 68000 version of GEM began in September 1984, when Atari sent a team called "The Monterey Group" to [[Digital Research]] to begin work on porting GEM. Originally, the plan was to run GEM on top of [[CP/M-68K#16-bit versions|CP/M-68K]], both ostensibly ported to [[Motorola 68000]] by DRI prior to the ST design being created. In fact, these ports were unusable and would require considerable development. Digital Research also offered GEMDOS (originally written as GEM&nbsp;DOS, it was also called "Project Jason"), a DOS-like operating system aimed to port GEM to different hardware platforms. It was available for [[Intel 8086|8086]] and [[Motorola 68000|68000]] processors and had been adapted to the [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[Lisa 2/5]] and the [[Motorola]] [[VME board|VME]]/10<ref name="Motorola_VME10"/> development system.<ref name="Harris_GEMDOS"/> Atari decided in January 1985<ref name="Landon 2008"/> to give up on the existing CP/M-68K code and instead port DRI GEMDOS to the Atari ST platform, referring to it as [[Atari TOS|TOS]].<ref name="Daniels_1988"/>

As Atari had provided most of the development of the 68000 version, they were given full rights to continued developments without needing to reverse-license it back to DRI. As a result, the Apple-DRI lawsuit did not apply to the Atari versions of GEM, and they were allowed to keep a more Mac-like UI.

Over the next seven years, from 1985 to 1992, new versions of TOS were released with each new generation of the ST line. Updates included support for more colors and higher resolutions in the raster-side of the system, but remained generally similar to the original in terms of GKS support. In 1992, Atari released TOS 4, or [[MultiTOS]], along with their final computer system, the [[Falcon030]]. In combination with [[MiNT]], TOS 4 allowed full multitasking support in GEM.

====Continued development====
[[File:Gem1.png|thumbnail|Screenshot of [[OpenGEM]] 5]]
When [[Caldera (company)|Caldera]] bought the remaining Digital Research assets from Novell on 23 July 1996,<ref name="Leon_1996_Caldera"/> initial plans were to revive GEM and ViewMAX technologies for a low-footprint user interface for [[OpenDOS]] in mobile applications<ref name="Caldera_1997_WebSpyder"/><ref name="Jemmett_1999"/> as ''[[Caldera View]]''<!-- trademark -->, but these plans were abandoned by [[Caldera UK]] in favour of [[DR-WebSpyder]] and [[Graphical ROMable Object Windows|GROW]]. [[Caldera Thin Clients]] (later known as [[Lineo]]) released the source to GEM and GEM&nbsp;XM under the terms of [[GNU General Public License|GNU GPL-2.0-only]] in April 1999.<ref name="Jemmett_1999"/> The development of GEM for PC continues as [[FreeGEM]] and [[OpenGEM]].

On the Atari ST platform, the original DRI sources were ported again to be used in the free and open source [[Atari TOS|TOS]] clone [[EmuTOS]].  New implementations of the AES portions of GEM have been implemented from scratch in the form of [[XaAES]], and MyAES,<ref name="MyAES"/> both of which are fully re-entrant and support multitasking on top of the [[MiNT|FreeMiNT]] multitasking extensions to [[Atari TOS|TOS]].