Editing Fugue (section)

===Development<!--linked from 'Musical development'-->===
{{further|Musical development}}
Further entries of the subject, or middle entries, occur throughout the fugue. The development must state the subject or answer at least once in its entirety, and may also be heard in combination with any countersubjects from the exposition, new countersubjects, free counterpoint, or any of these in combination. It is uncommon for the subject to enter alone in a single voice in the middle entries; rather, it is usually heard with at least one of the countersubjects and/or other free contrapuntal accompaniments.

Middle entries tend to occur at keys other than the tonic. These are often [[closely related key]]s such as the [[Dominant key|relative dominant]] and [[Subdominant key|subdominant]], although the key structure of fugues varies greatly. In the fugues of J.S. Bach, the first middle entry occurs most often in the [[relative major]] or [[Relative minor|minor]] of the work's overall key, and is followed by an entry in the dominant of the relative major or minor when the fugue's subject requires a tonal answer. In the fugues of earlier composers (notably [[Dieterich Buxtehude|Buxtehude]] and [[Pachelbel]]), middle entries in keys other than the tonic and dominant tend to be the exception, and non-modulation the norm. One famous example of such non-modulating fugue occurs in Buxtehude's Praeludium (Fugue and Chaconne) in C, BuxWV 137.

When there is no entrance of the subject and answer material, the composer can develop the subject by altering it. This is called a ''counter-exposition'',<ref>{{Cite Grove |last=Walker |first=Paul |title=Counter-exposition}}</ref> which often uses the ''[[Melodic inversion|inversion]]'' of the subject, although the term is sometimes used synonymously with middle entry and may also describe the exposition of completely new subjects, such as those encountered in [[#Types|double fugues]]. In any of the entries within a fugue, the subject may be altered by inversion, [[Permutation (music)|retrograde]] (where the subject is heard back-to-front), [[diminution]] (the reduction of the subject's rhythmic values by a certain factor), [[augmentation (music)|augmentation]] (the enlargement of the subject's rhythmic values by a certain factor), or any combination thereof.<ref name="oxfcomp" />