Editing Fruit (section)

=== Simple fruits ===
[[Image:Milkweed-in-seed.jpg|thumb|right|upright 1.02|A dry simple fruit: milkweed (''[[Asclepias syriaca]]''); dehiscence of the [[Follicle (fruit)|follicular]] fruit reveals seeds within.]]
Simple fruits are the result of the ripening-to-fruit of a simple or compound ovary in a ''single flower'' with a ''single [[Carpel|pistil]]''. In contrast, a single flower with numerous pistils typically produces an [[#Aggregate fruit|aggregate fruit]]; and the merging of several flowers, or a 'multiple' of flowers, results in a 'multiple' fruit.<ref name="Schlegel 2003 16">{{cite book |last=Schlegel |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA16 |page=16 |isbn=978-1-56022-950-6 |year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053820/https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA16 |url-status=live }}</ref> A simple fruit is further classified as either dry or fleshy.

To distribute their seeds, dry fruits may split open and discharge their seeds to the winds, which is called [[dehiscence (botany)|dehiscence]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schlegel |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA123 |page=123 |isbn=978-1-56022-950-6 |year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053820/https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA123 |url-status=live }}</ref> Or the distribution process may rely upon the decay and degradation of the fruit to expose the seeds; or it may rely upon the eating of fruit and excreting of seeds by [[frugivores]] – both are called [[dehiscence (botany)|indehiscence]]. Fleshy fruits do not split open, but they also are indehiscent and they may also rely on frugivores for distribution of their seeds. Typically, the entire outer layer of the ovary wall ripens into a potentially edible [[pericarp]].

Types of dry simple fruits, (with examples) include:
* [[Achene]] – most commonly seen in aggregate fruits (e.g., [[strawberry]], see below).
* [[Capsule (fruit)|Capsule]] – ([[Brazil nut]]: botanically, it is not a nut).
* [[Caryopsis]] – (cereal grains, including [[wheat]], [[rice]], [[oats]], [[barley]]).
* [[Achene|Cypsela]] – an achene-like fruit derived from the individual florets in a [[Head (botany)|capitulum]]: ([[dandelion]]).
* [[Drupe|Fibrous drupe]] – ([[coconut]], [[walnut]]: botanically, neither is a true nut.).
* [[Follicle (fruit)|Follicle]] – follicles are formed from a single carpel, and opens by one suture: ([[milkweed]]); also commonly seen in aggregate fruits: ([[magnolia]], [[peony]]).
* [[Legume]] – ([[bean]], [[pea]], [[peanut]]: botanically, the peanut is the seed of a legume, not a nut).
* [[Loment]] – a type of [[indehiscent]] legume: ([[Hedysarum|sweet vetch or wild potato]]).
* [[Nut (fruit)|Nut]] – ([[beech#Description|beechnut]], [[hazelnut]], [[acorn]] (of the [[oak]]): botanically, these are true nuts).
* [[Samara (fruit)|Samara]] – ([[Ash tree|ash]], [[elm]], [[maple|maple key]]).
* [[Schizocarp]], see below – ([[carrot#Description|carrot seed]]).
* [[Silique]] – ([[radish]] seed).
* Silicle – ([[shepherd's purse]]).
* [[Utricle (fruit)|Utricle]] – ([[beet]], ''[[Rumex]]'').

Fruits in which part or all of the [[Fruit anatomy#Pericarp layers|''pericarp'' (fruit wall)]] is fleshy at maturity are termed ''fleshy simple fruits''.

Types of fleshy simple fruits, (with examples) include:
* [[Berry (botany)|Berry]] – the berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit. The entire outer layer of the ovary wall ripens into a potentially edible "pericarp", (see below).
* [[Stone fruit]] or drupe – the definitive characteristic of a drupe is the hard, "lignified" stone (sometimes called the "pit"). It is derived from the ovary wall of the flower: [[apricot]], [[cherry]], [[olive]], [[peach]], [[plum]], [[mango]].<!-- This section is linked from [[Rose]] -->
* [[Pome]] – the pome fruits: [[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[rosehip]]s, [[saskatoon berry]], etc., are a [[syncarpous#Types|syncarpous]] (fused) fleshy fruit, a simple fruit, developing from a half-inferior ovary.<ref name="evolutionary_trends_in_flowering_plants">{{cite book |title= Evolutionary trends in flowering plants |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=c11HBwElG-4C&pg=PA209 |year= 1991 |publisher= Columbia University Press |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-231-07328-8 |page= 209 |access-date= 2020-05-09 |archive-date= 2024-01-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053820/https://books.google.com/books?id=c11HBwElG-4C&pg=PA209#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status= live }}</ref> Pomes are of the family [[Rosaceae]].

==== Berries ====
{{Main|Berry (botany)|Berry}}
[[File:Bananavarieties.jpg|thumb|Fruits of four different [[List of banana cultivars|banana cultivars]]. (Bananas are berries.)]]
[[File:Strawberry surface close up macro.jpg|thumb|Strawberry, showing achenes attached to surface. Botanically, strawberries are not berries; they are classified as an [[aggregate fruit|aggregate]] [[accessory fruit]].]]
[[File:Magnolia wieseneri - labelled gynoecium.jpg|thumb|Flower of [[Magnolia × wieseneri|''Magnolia'' × ''wieseneri'']] showing the many pistils making up the [[gynoecium]] in the middle of the flower. The fruit of this flower is an aggregation of follicles.]]

Berries are a type of simple fleshy fruit that issue from a single ovary.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qwuBXeczzgC&q=berry+type+of+fleshy+fruit+are+simple+fruit+created+from+single+ovary&pg=PT56|title=Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing|last1=Sinha|first1=Nirmal|last2=Sidhu|first2=Jiwan|last3=Barta|first3=Jozsef|last4=Wu|first4=James|last5=Cano|first5=M. Pilar|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-35263-2|access-date=2020-10-06|archive-date=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053821/https://books.google.com/books?id=1qwuBXeczzgC&q=berry+type+of+fleshy+fruit+are+simple+fruit+created+from+single+ovary&pg=PT56#v=snippet&q=berry%20type%20of%20fleshy%20fruit%20are%20simple%20fruit%20created%20from%20single%20ovary&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> (The ovary itself may be compound, with several carpels.) The botanical term ''true berry'' includes grapes, currants, cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines), tomatoes, chili peppers, and bananas, but excludes certain fruits that are called "-berry" by culinary custom or by common usage of the term – such as strawberries and raspberries. Berries may be formed from one or more carpels (i.e., from the simple or compound ovary) from the same, single flower. Seeds typically are embedded in the fleshy interior of the ovary.

Examples include:
* [[Tomato]] – in culinary terms, the tomato is regarded as a vegetable, but it is botanically classified as a fruit and a berry.<ref name="abadi">{{cite web |author1=Mark Abadi |title=A tomato is actually a fruit — but it's a vegetable at the same time |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/tomato-fruit-or-vegetable-2018-5 |publisher=Business Insider |access-date=21 November 2019 |date=26 May 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215004602/https://www.businessinsider.com/tomato-fruit-or-vegetable-2018-5 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Banana]] – the fruit has been described as a "leathery berry".<ref>Smith, James P. (1977). Vascular Plant Families. Eureka, Calif.: Mad River Press. ISBN 978-0-916422-07-3.</ref> In cultivated varieties, the seeds are diminished nearly to non-existence.
* [[Pepo (botany)|Pepo]] – berries with skin that is hardened: [[Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]], including gourds, squash, melons.
* [[Hesperidium]] – berries with a rind and a juicy interior: most [[citrus]] fruit.
* [[Cranberry]], [[gooseberry]], [[redcurrant]], [[grape]].

The strawberry, regardless of its appearance, is classified as a dry, not a fleshy fruit. Botanically, it is not a [[berry (botany)#Accessory fruits|berry]]; it is an [[accessory fruit|aggregate-accessory]] fruit, the latter term meaning the fleshy part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but from the [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]] that holds the [[Ovary (botany)|ovaries]].<ref name="Esau">Esau, K. (1977). ''Anatomy of seed plants''. John Wiley and Sons, New York. {{ISBN|0-471-24520-8}}</ref> Numerous dry [[achene]]s are attached to the outside of the fruit-flesh; they appear to be seeds but each is actually an ovary of a flower, with a seed inside.<ref name="Esau" />

[[Schizocarp]]s are dry fruits, though some appear to be fleshy. They originate from syncarpous ovaries but do not actually [[dehiscence (botany)|dehisce]]; rather, they split into segments with one or more seeds. They include a number of different forms from a wide range of families, including [[carrot]], [[parsnip]], [[parsley]], [[cumin]].<ref name="plants_systematics" />