Editing Frigatebird (section)

===Living species and infrageneric classification===
{{Cladogram|title=Frigatebird phylogeny<ref name=kennedy04/>
|caption=
|align=right
|cladogram={{Clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:400px;
   |1={{clade
      |1=[[Lesser frigatebird]] (''Fregata ariel'')
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=[[Christmas frigatebird]] (''Fregata andrewsi'')
            |2=[[Great frigatebird]] (''Fregata minor'')
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Ascension frigatebird]] (''Fregata aquila'')
            |2=[[Magnificent frigatebird]] (''Fregata magnificens'')
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
The [[type species]] of the genus is the  [[Ascension frigatebird]] (''Fregata aquila'').<ref name="AFD">{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/abrs/databases-and-online-resources/taxa/Fregata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205002927/http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/abrs/databases-and-online-resources/taxa/Fregata|archive-date=2014-12-05 |title=Genus ''Fregata'' Lacépède, 1799 |last=Australian Biological Resources Study|date=29 July 2014 |work=Australian Faunal Directory|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government|access-date=30 November 2014|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory}}</ref> For many years, the consensus was to recognise only two species of frigatebird, with larger birds as ''F. aquila'' and smaller as ''F. ariel''. In 1914 the Australian ornithologist [[Gregory Mathews]] delineated five species, which remain valid.<ref name=kennedy04>{{cite journal | last1=Kennedy | first1=Martyn | last2=Spencer | first2=Hamish G. | year=2004 | title=Phylogenies of the frigatebirds (Fregatidae) and tropicbirds (Phaethonidae), two divergent groups of the traditional order Pelecaniformes, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=31–38 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.007 | pmid=15019606}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Mathews | first=Gregory M. | author-link=Gregory Mathews | year=1914 | title=On the species and subspecies of the genus ''Fregata'' | journal=Australian Avian Record | volume=2 | issue=6 | pages=117–21 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34804723 }}</ref> Analysis of [[Ribosomal DNA|ribosomal]] and [[mitochondrial DNA]] indicated that the five species had diverged from a common ancestor only recently—as little as 1.5 million years ago. There are two species pairs, the great and Christmas Island frigatebirds, and the magnificent and Ascension frigatebirds, while the fifth species, the lesser frigatebird, is an early offshoot of the common ancestor of the other four species.<ref name=kennedy04/> Two subspecies of the magnificent, three subspecies of the lesser and five subspecies of the great frigatebird are recognised.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants – IOC World Bird List |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/storks/ |access-date=2022-05-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>
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{| class="wikitable sortable"
| style="background:#d3d3a4; text-align:center;" colspan="4"|'''Living species of frigatebirds'''
|-
! Common and binomial names
! class="unsortable"| Image
! Description
! Range
|-
| [[Magnificent frigatebird]]<br />(''Fregata magnificens'')<br /><small>[[Gregory Mathews|Mathews]], 1914</small>
| [[File:Fregata magnificens -Galapagos, Ecuador -male-8 (1).jpg|120px]]
| With a body length of {{convert|89|-|114|cm|in|abbr=on}}, it is the largest species and has the longest bill. The adult male is all-black with a scarlet [[throat pouch]] that is inflated like a balloon in the breeding season. Although the feathers are black, the scapular feathers have a purple sheen, in contrast to the male [[great frigatebird]]'s green sheen. The female is brownish-black, but has a white breast and lower neck sides, a brown band on the wings, and a blueish-grey  eye-ring.<ref name=hbwmagnificens>{{cite book | last1=Orta | first1=Jaume | last2=Christie | first2=D.A. | last3=Garcia | first3=E.F.J. | last4=Boesman | first4=P. | year=2020 | chapter=Magnificent Frigatebird (''Fregata magnificens'') | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=Sargatal | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | doi=10.2173/bow.magfri.01 | s2cid=216360730 | place=Barcelona, Spain | chapter-url=http://www.hbw.com/node/52669 | access-date=27 May 2015 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
| Widespread in the tropical [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], it breeds in [[bird colony|colonies]] in trees in [[Florida]], the Caribbean and [[Cape Verde Islands]], as well as along the Pacific coast of the Americas from Mexico to Ecuador, including the [[Galápagos Islands]].<ref name=iucnmagn/>
|-
| [[Ascension frigatebird]]<br />(''Fregata aquila'')<br /><small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>
| [[File:Male Frigatebird with chick Fregata aquila.jpg|120px]]
| Apart from its smaller size, the adult male is very similar to the magnificent frigatebird. The female is brownish black with a rusty brown mantle and chest, and normally lacks any white patches present on the front of female birds of other species. The occasional female observed with a white belly may be breeding before obtaining the full adult plumage.<ref name=hbwaquila>{{cite book | last1=Orta | first1=Jaume | last2=Christie | first2=D.A. | last3=Garcia | first3=E. F. J. | last4=Jutglar | first4=F. | last5=Boesman | first5=P. | year=2020 | chapter=Ascension Frigatebird (''Fregata aquila'') | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=Sargatal | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D. A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | doi=10.2173/bow.asifri1.01 | s2cid=242440790 | place=Barcelona, Spain | chapter-url=http://www.hbw.com/node/52667 | access-date=29 December 2014 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
| Found on [[Boatswain Bird Island]] just off [[Ascension Island]] in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, having not bred on the main island since the 1800s.<ref name=iucnascension>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Fregata aquila'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22697728A132597828 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697728A132597828.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Christmas frigatebird]]<br />(''Fregata andrewsi'')<br /><small>Mathews, 1914</small>
| [[File:Christmas Island Frigatebird.JPG|120px]]
| The adult male is one of the frigatebird species with white on its belly—an egg shaped patch. It is larger with a longer bill than the related great frigatebird. Its upperparts are black with green metallic gloss on the mantle and scapulars. The female has dark upperparts with brown wing bars, a black head with white belly and white collar (sometimes incomplete) around its neck.<ref name=james>{{cite journal|last=James |first=David J. |year=2004 |title=Identification of Christmas Island, Great and Lesser Frigatebirds |journal=BirdingASIA |volume=1 |pages=22–38 |url=http://tanzaniabirds.net/articles/Frigatebird-ID-BirdingAsia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209090255/http://tanzaniabirds.net/articles/Frigatebird-ID-BirdingAsia.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Breeds only on [[Christmas Island]] in the eastern Indian Ocean.<ref name=iucnxmas>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Fregata andrewsi'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22697742A132599384 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697742A132599384.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Great frigatebird]]<br />(''Fregata minor'')<br /><small>([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789)</small>
| [[File:Male greater frigate bird displaying crop.jpg|120px]]
| The adult male has black upperparts with green metallic gloss on the mantle and scapulars. It is completely black underneath with subtle brown barring on the axillaries. The upperparts of the female are dark with lighter brown wing bars. Its head is black with a mottled throat and belly. The neck has a white collar.<ref name=james/>
| Found in tropical Indian and Pacific oceans, as well as one colony—[[Trindade and Martim Vaz]]—in the south Atlantic, generally where the water is warmer than {{convert|22|C|F}}, and breeding on islands and atolls with sufficient vegetation to nest in.<ref name=iucngrt/>
|-
| [[Lesser frigatebird]]<br />(''Fregata ariel'')<br /><small>([[George Robert Gray|G. R.Gray]], 1845)</small>
| [[File:Lesser frigatebird lei.jpg|120px]]
| With a body length of around {{convert|75|cm|in|abbr=on}}, it is the smallest species. The adult male has black upperparts with greenish to purple metallic gloss on the mantle and scapulars, and is black underneath except for bold white axillary spurs. The upperparts of the female are dark with lighter wing bars. The head is black while the belly and the neck collar are white.<ref name=james/>
| Tropical and subtropical waters across the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Atlantic race ''trinitatis'' was limited to  [[Trindade (island)|Trindade]], off Eastern Brazil but may now be extinct.<ref name=hbwariel>{{cite book| last1=Orta | first1=Jaume | last2=Garcia | first2=E.F.J. | last3=Kirwan | first3=G.M. | last4=Boesman | first4=P. | chapter=Lesser Frigatebird (''Fregata ariel'') | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | year=2020 | publisher=Lynx Edicions | doi=10.2173/bow.lesfri.01 | s2cid=216239853 | chapter-url=http://www.hbw.com/node/52671  | access-date=30 November 2014 }}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=alves>{{cite book | last1=Alves | first1=R.J.V. | last2=da Silva | first2=N.G. | last3=Aguirre-Muñoz | first3=A. | year=2011 | chapter=Return of endemic plant populations on Trindade Island, Brazil, with comments on the fauna | editor1-last=Veitch | editor1-first=CR | editor2-last=Clout | editor2-first=MN | editor3-last=Towns | editor3-first=DR | title=Island invasives: eradication and management : proceedings of the International Conference on Island Invasives | publisher=IUCN | place=Gland, Switzerland | oclc=770307954 | pages=259–263 | chapter-url=http://www.issg.org/pdf/publications/Island_Invasives/pdfHQprint/3Alves.pdf | access-date=2015-05-27 | archive-date=2016-03-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021259/http://issg.org/pdf/publications/Island_Invasives/pdfHQprint/3Alves.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}