Editing Frederick, Maryland (section)

===Civil War===
[[File:Confederates marching through Frederick, MD in 1862.jpg|thumb|[[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops marching south on North Market Street in Frederick during the [[American Civil War]]]]
Frederick became Maryland's capital city briefly in 1861, as the legislature moved from Annapolis to vote on the secession question. President Lincoln arrested several members, and the assembly was unable to convene a quorum to vote on secession.

As a major crossroads, Frederick, like [[Winchester, Virginia]], and [[Martinsburg, West Virginia]], saw considerable action during the [[American Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.civilwartrails.org/|title=Civil War Trails: Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia|website=www.civilwartrails.org}}</ref> [[Slaves]] also escaped from or through Frederick (since Maryland was still a "slave state" although it had not seceded) to join the Union forces, work against the Confederacy and seek freedom. During the [[Maryland Campaign|Maryland campaigns]], both [[Union Army|Union]] and [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops marched through the city. Frederick also hosted several hospitals to nurse the wounded from those battles, as is related in the [[National Museum of Civil War Medicine]] on East Patrick Street.

A legend related by [[John Greenleaf Whittier]] claimed that Frederick's Pennsylvania Dutch women (including [[Barbara Fritchie]] who reportedly waved a flag) booed the Confederates in September 1862, as General [[Stonewall Jackson]] led his light infantry division through Frederick on his way to the battles of [[Battle of South Mountain|Crampton's, Fox's and Turner's Gaps]] on [[South Mountain (Maryland and Pennsylvania)|South Mountain]] and [[Battle of Antietam|Antietam]] near [[Sharpsburg, Maryland|Sharpsburg]]. Union Major General [[Jesse L. Reno]]'s IX Corps followed Jackson's men through the city a few days later on the way to the [[Battle of South Mountain]], where Reno died. The sites of the battles are due west of the city along the [[National Road]], west of [[Burkittsville, Maryland|Burkittsville]]. Confederate troops under Jackson and Walker unsuccessfully attempted to halt the Federal army's westward advance into the [[Cumberland Valley]] and towards [[Sharpsburg, Maryland|Sharpsburg]]. [[Gathland State Park]] has the War Correspondents' Memorial stone arch erected by reporter/editor [[George Alfred Townsend]] (1841–1914). The 1889 memorial commemorating Major General Reno and the Union soldiers of his IX Corps is on Reno Monument Road west of [[Middletown, Maryland|Middletown]], just below the summit of [[Fox's Gap]], as is a 1993 memorial to slain Confederate Brig. Gen. [[Samuel Garland Jr.]], and the [[North Carolina]] troops who held the line.
[[File:Frederick MD B&O Station Lincoln Visit Oct 4 1862.jpg|thumb|President [[Abraham Lincoln]] giving a speech in Frederick on October 4, 1862]]
President [[Abraham Lincoln]], on his way to visit Gen. [[George McClellan]] after the [[Battle of South Mountain]] and the [[Battle of Antietam]], delivered a short speech at what was then the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|B&O Railroad]] depot at the current intersection of East All Saints and South Market Streets. A plaque commemorates the speech (at what is today the Frederick Community Action Agency, a Social Services office).

At the [[Prospect Hall (Frederick, Maryland)|Prospect Hall]] mansion off Jefferson Street to Buckeystown Pike near what is now Butterfly Lane, in the early morning hours of June 28, 1863, a messenger arrived from President [[Abraham Lincoln]] and General-in-Chief [[Henry Halleck]], informing General [[George Meade]] that he would be replacing General [[Joseph Hooker]] after the latter's disastrous performance at [[Battle of Chancellorsville|Chancellorsville]] in May. The [[Army of the Potomac]] camped around the Prospect Hall property for the several days as skirmishers pursued [[Robert E. Lee|Lee's]] Confederate [[Army of Northern Virginia]] before [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]]. A large granite rectangular monument made from one of the boulders at the "Devil's Den" in Gettysburg to the east along the driveway commemorates the midnight change-of-command.

In July 1864, in the third Southern invasion, Confederate troops led by Lieutenant General Jubal Early occupied Frederick and extorted $200,000 (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|200000|1864}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) from citizens in exchange for not razing the city on their way to Washington, D.C.<ref>Frederic Historic District inventory, NRIS F-3-039, section 8 p. 2 available at http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/010000/010400/010482/pdf/msa_se5_10482.pdf</ref> Union troops under Major General [[Lew Wallace]] fought a successful delaying action, in what became the last significant Confederate advance at the [[Battle of Monocacy]], also known as the "Battle that Saved Washington." The [[Monocacy National Battlefield]] lies just southeast of the city limits, along the [[Monocacy River]] at the B&O Railroad junction where two bridges cross the stream: an iron-truss bridge for the railroad and a covered wooden bridge for the Frederick-Urbana-Georgetown Pike, which was the site of the main battle of July 1864. Some skirmishing occurred further northeast of town at the stone-arched "Jug Bridge" where the [[National Road]] crossed the Monocacy; and an artillery bombardment occurred along the National Road west of town near Red Man's Hill and [[Prospect Hall (Frederick, Maryland)|Prospect Hall]] mansion as the Union troops retreated eastward. [[Antietam National Battlefield]] and [[South Mountain State Park|South Mountain State Battlefield Park]] which commemorates the 1862 battles are located 23 miles and 35 miles respectively to the west-northwest, while [[Gettysburg National Battlefield]] of 1863 lies approximately {{convert|35|mi}} to the north-northeast.
[[File:Barbara Frietchie (poem).jpg|thumb|An 1896 print illustrating [[Barbara Fritchie]]]]
The reconstructed home of [[Barbara Fritchie]] stands on West Patrick Street, just past Carroll Creek linear park. Fritchie, a significant figure in Maryland history in her own right, is buried in Frederick's [[Mount Olivet Cemetery (Frederick)|Mount Olivet Cemetery]]. British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] quoted Whittier's poem to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] when they stopped here in 1941 on a car trip to the presidential retreat, then called "Shangra-La" (now "[[Camp David]]") within the [[Catoctin Mountains]] near Thurmont.