Editing Frank Borman (section)

=== Project Apollo ===
==== Apollo 1 ====
{{Main|Apollo 1}}
In planning for Project Apollo, Slayton designated new crews under the command of the experienced astronauts who commanded the early Gemini missions. On missions with a [[lunar module]], the senior pilot (later known as the command module pilot) would also be an experienced astronaut, as he would have to fly the [[Apollo command and service module#Command module (CM)|command module]] solo. Borman was given the assignment of backup for the second mission, an Earth-orbital mission without a lunar module. He would then command the fourth, a [[medium Earth orbit]] mission with a lunar module. He was given [[Charles Bassett]] for a senior pilot and [[Bill Anders]] as the pilot (later known as the lunar module pilot);{{sfn|Slayton|Cassutt|1994|pp=182–184}}{{sfn|Shayler|2002|p=116}} Bassett was expected to fly on [[Gemini 9]], but he died in the air crash that also killed See.{{sfn|Hacker|Grimwood|2010|p=533}} Borman was then given Stafford as senior pilot and Collins as pilot.{{sfn|Ertel|Newkirk|Brooks|1978|pp=40–41}} Subsequently, Stafford was given his own crew, and Anders was reassigned to Borman's crew. As Collins had spaceflight experience on [[Gemini 10]], he became the senior pilot.{{sfn|Ertel|Newkirk|Brooks|1978|p=56}} The second mission was scrubbed, but Borman's remained unchanged, although now it was to be the third mission, and he had no backup responsibility.{{sfn|Slayton|Cassutt|1994|pp=182–184}}{{sfn|Shayler|2002|p=116}} The crew selection was officially announced in a NASA press release on December 22, 1966.{{sfn|Shayler|2002|p=127}}

[[File:Apollo 1 fire.jpg|thumb|left|The charred remains of the Apollo 1 cabin interior]]
On January 27, 1967, the crew members of the first crewed Apollo mission ([[Apollo 1]]&nbsp;— then designated AS-204), Gus Grissom, Ed White, and [[Roger B. Chaffee]], were killed in a fire aboard their command module. Following this deadly accident, the AS-204 Accident Review Board was charged with investigating the root causes of the fire and recommending corrective measures. Borman was chosen as the only astronaut to serve on the nine-member review board. He inspected the burnt-out command module and verified the positions of the switches and circuit breakers.{{sfn|Ertel|Newkirk|Brooks|1978|pp=63–65}} In April 1967, while serving on the board, Borman was one of five astronauts who testified before the [[United States House of Representatives]] and [[United States Senate]] committees investigating the Apollo&nbsp;1 fire (the others were Shepard, Schirra, Slayton and McDivitt). Borman faced tough and sometimes hostile questioning.{{sfn|Borman|Serling|1988|pp=179–180}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Apollo-1 Investigation |publisher=NASA |url=https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/inv.html |access-date=May 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714112758/https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/inv.html |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Borman's testimony helped convince Congress that Apollo would be safe to fly again.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=224}} He told them: "We are trying to tell you that we are confident in our management, and in our engineering and in ourselves. I think the question is really: Are you confident in us?"{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=224}}

In the aftermath of the disaster, [[Joseph Francis Shea|Joe Shea]] resigned as manager of the Apollo project. [[Robert Gilruth]], the director of the MSC, offered the position to Borman, who turned it down. The job was given to Gilruth's deputy, [[George Low]]; Borman accepted a temporary posting to the [[North American Aviation]] plant in [[Downey, California]], where the command modules were made, to oversee the implementation of the recommendations of the AS-204 Accident Review Board. Borman was forced to confront one of the root causes of the disaster: the natural tension between getting the job done on time and building the spacecraft as well as possible.{{sfn|Borman|Serling|1988|pp=181–187}}

Borman argued with test pilot [[Scott Crossfield]], who was in charge of safety engineering at North American, over the design of an effective emergency oxygen system. Borman refused to accept the design because it did not protect the crew from noxious fumes. Crossfield then opposed the delivery of North American's [[S-II]], the second stage of the [[Saturn V]] Moon rocket, which Crossfield deemed unsafe. Borman informed management at North American that he could not work with Crossfield, and Crossfield eventually left the company. A redesigned hatch that allowed the astronauts to exit within seconds instead of minutes added {{convert|1500|lb}} to the weight of the spacecraft. The parachutes had to be redesigned to ensure they could hold the additional weight, and re-testing them cost $250,000. This led to a clash with [[George Mueller (NASA)|George Mueller]], who thought the cost was excessive.{{sfn|Borman|Serling|1988|pp=181–187}}

==== Apollo 8 ====
{{Main|Apollo 8}}
[[File:Frank Borman suiting up on launch day.jpg|thumb|right|Borman prepares for Apollo 8 on launch day.]]
Borman's medium Earth orbit lunar module test mission was now planned as Apollo 9, and tentatively scheduled for early 1969, after a [[low Earth orbit]] one commanded by McDivitt in December 1968. The crew assignments were officially announced on November 20, 1967,{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=374}} but in July 1968 Collins suffered a [[intervertebral disc|cervical]] [[Spinal disc herniation|disc herniation]] that required surgery to repair. He was replaced by Lovell in July 1968, reuniting Borman with his Gemini&nbsp;7 crewmate.{{sfn|Collins|2001|pp=288–294}} When Apollo 8's LM-3 arrived at the KSC in June 1968, more than a hundred significant defects were discovered, leading Gilruth to conclude that there was no prospect of LM-3 being ready to fly in 1968.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=256}}

In August 1968, in response to a report from the [[CIA]] that the Soviet Union were considering a lunar fly-by before the end of the year,{{sfn|Borman|Serling|1988|p=189}} Low proposed a bold solution to keep the Apollo program on track. Since the next Command/Service Module (CSM) (designated as "CSM-103") would be ready three months before LM-3, a CSM-only mission could be flown in December 1968. Instead of repeating the flight of [[Apollo 7]], it could be sent to the Moon, entering lunar orbit before returning to Earth. This also meant that the medium Earth orbit mission could be dispensed with, keeping to the schedule for a lunar landing in mid-1969.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=257}} With the change in mission for Apollo 8, Slayton asked McDivitt if he still wanted to fly it. McDivitt turned it down; his crew had spent a great deal of time preparing to test the LM, and that was what he still wanted to do.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=262}} When Borman was asked the same question, he answered "yes" without any hesitation.{{sfn|Borman|Serling|1988|p=189}} Slayton then decided to swap the crews and spacecraft of the Apollo&nbsp;8 and&nbsp;9 missions.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=262}}{{sfn|Collins|2001|pp=296–298}}

[[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Earthrise]]'', taken on December 24, 1968, by [[Apollo 8]] astronaut [[Bill Anders]]]]
Apollo&nbsp;8 was launched at 12:51:00 [[UTC]] (07:51:00 [[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|Eastern Standard Time]]) on December 21, 1968.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=39}} On the second day Borman awoke feeling ill. He vomited twice and had a bout of diarrhea; this left the spacecraft full of small globules of vomit and feces, which the crew cleaned up as best they could. Borman did not want anyone to know about his medical problems, but Lovell and Anders wanted to inform Mission Control.<ref name="journal day 2 green">{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/06day2_green.htm |title=Day 2: Green Team |last1=Woods |first1=W. David |last2=O'Brien |first2=Frank |date=April 22, 2006 |work=Apollo 8 Flight Journal |publisher=NASA |access-date=January 30, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311114001/https://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/06day2_green.htm |archive-date=March 11, 2008}}</ref> The Apollo&nbsp;8 crew and Mission Control medical personnel concluded that there was little to worry about and that Borman's illness was either a [[Gastroenteritis|24-hour flu]], as Borman thought, or an adverse reaction to a sleeping pill.{{sfn|Collins|2001|p=306}} Researchers now believe that he was suffering from [[space adaptation syndrome]], which affects about a third of astronauts during their first day in space as their [[vestibular system]] adapts to [[weightlessness]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Quine |first=Tony |date=April 2007 |title=Addicted to space: An appreciation of Anousheh Ansari, Part II |journal=Spaceflight |volume=49 |issue=4 |page=144 |issn=0038-6340 |publisher=[[British Interplanetary Society]]}}</ref> Space adaptation syndrome had not occurred on Mercury and Gemini missions because those astronauts could not move freely in the small cabins of those spacecraft. The increased cabin space in the Apollo command module afforded astronauts greater freedom of movement, contributing to symptoms of space sickness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/experiment/exper.aspx?exp_index=747 |title=The Effects of Long-Duration Space Flight on Eye, Head, and Trunk Coordination During Locomotion |last1=Kozlovskaya |first1=Inessa B |last2=Bloomberg |first2=Jacob J. |last3=Layne |first3=Charles S. |year=2004 |work=Life Sciences Data Archive |publisher=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |id=LSDA Exp ID: 9307191 |access-date=June 28, 2013 |display-authors=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728060352/http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/experiment/exper.aspx?exp_index=747 |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:As8 genesis1a.ogv|thumb|The [[Apollo 8]] 1968 Christmas Eve [[Apollo 8 Genesis reading|broadcast and reading]] from the [[Book of Genesis]]]]
On December 24, Apollo&nbsp;8 went into lunar orbit. The crew made ten orbits of the Moon in twenty hours before returning to Earth. The mission is known for the ''[[Earthrise]]'' photograph taken by Bill Anders of the Earth rising above the lunar horizon as the command module orbited the Moon, and for the televised [[Apollo 8 Genesis reading|reading from Genesis]] in lunar orbit, released for worldwide broadcast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo8_xmas.html |title=The Apollo 8 Christmas Eve Broadcast |last=Williams |first=David R. |date=September 25, 2007 |access-date=August 28, 2019 |publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419065805/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo8_xmas.html |archive-date=April 19, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/image/apollo8_xmas.mov |format=MOV |title=The Apollo 8 Christmas Eve Broadcast |people=Borman, Frank; [[James A. Lovell|Lovell, James]]; [[William Anders|Anders, Bill]] |date=December 25, 1968 |medium=Live broadcast |publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center |access-date=December 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118064436/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/image/apollo8_xmas.mov |archive-date=January 18, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> About six weeks before the launch, NASA's deputy director for public affairs, [[Julian Scheer]], had told Borman that a television broadcast was scheduled for this time, and suggested that they find something appropriate to say. Borman had consulted with Simon Bourgin, who worked at the [[United States Information Agency]], and had accompanied Borman and Lovell on a goodwill tour of the Far East after the Gemini&nbsp;7 mission. Bourgin, in turn, consulted Joe Laitin, a former United Press International reporter, who suggested that the Apollo&nbsp;8 crew read from the [[Book of Genesis]] after his wife Christine had come up with the idea. The text was transcribed onto fireproof paper for the broadcast.{{sfn|Borman|Serling|1988|pp=194–195}}{{sfn|Watkins|2007|pp=69–71}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muir-Harmony |first1=Teasel |title=How Apollo 8 Delivered Christmas Eve Peace and Understanding to the World |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=11 December 2020 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-apollo-8-delivered-moment-christmas-eve-peace-and-understanding-world-180976431/}}</ref> "One of the things that was truly historic", Borman later joked, "was that we got that good Catholic Bill Anders to read from the [[King James Version]] of the bible."{{sfn|Borman|Serling|1988|p=224}}

[[File:The crew of Apollo 8 addresses the crew of the USS Yorktown after a successful splashdown and recovery.jpg|thumb|Borman addresses the crew of the {{USS|Yorktown|CV-10|6}} after a successful splashdown and recovery.]]
The Apollo&nbsp;8 spacecraft splashed down in darkness at 10:51:42 UTC (05:51:42 EST) on Friday, December 27.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=40}} Borman had argued for this; a daylight landing would have required orbiting the Moon at least twelve times, and Borman did not think this was necessary.{{sfn|Borman|Serling|1988|p=192}} When the spacecraft hit the water, Borman did not flick the switch to release the parachutes quickly enough. They dragged the spacecraft over and left it upside down. In this position, the flashing light beacon could not be seen by the recovery helicopters. Borman inflated the bags in the nose of the spacecraft, which then righted itself. Mission ground rules required a daylight recovery, so the crew had to wait 45 minutes until local sunrise before the frogmen could open the hatches.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=284}} Borman became seasick and threw up, and was glad when he could be taken on board the recovery ship, the aircraft carrier {{USS|Yorktown|CV-10|6}}.{{sfn|Borman|Serling|1988|p=218}}

Apollo&nbsp;8 came at the end of 1968, a year that had seen much upheaval in the United States and most of the world.<ref name="Men of the Year">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900486,00.html |title=Nation: Men of the Year |date=January 3, 1969 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=February 13, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108120930/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C900486%2C00.html |archive-date=January 8, 2008}}</ref> They were the first human beings to orbit another celestial body,<ref name="Apollo 8 Firsts">{{cite web |title=Apollo 8 Firsts |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/peopleevents/e_firsts.html |work=American Experience: Race to the Moon |publisher=PBS |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307035422/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/peopleevents/e_firsts.html |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |location=Boston |date=September 22, 2005}}</ref> having survived a mission that even the crew themselves had rated as having only a fifty-fifty chance of fully succeeding.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Holahan|first=David|date=May 18, 2017|title=''Apollo 8'' ably resurrects the thrill and drama of the 1960s space race|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2017/0518/Apollo-8-ably-resurrects-the-thrill-and-drama-of-the-1960s-space-race|magazine=The Christian Science Monitor|issn=0882-7729|access-date=June 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629180738/https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2017/0518/Apollo-8-ably-resurrects-the-thrill-and-drama-of-the-1960s-space-race|archive-date=June 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The effect of Apollo&nbsp;8 was summed up in a telegram from a stranger, received by Borman after the mission, that stated simply, "Thank you Apollo 8. You saved 1968."{{sfn|Chaikin|1994|p=134}}

The crew were accorded [[ticker tape parade]]s in New York, Chicago and Washington, D.C., where they were awarded the [[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]], which was presented by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA Awards Recipient List|url=https://searchpub.nssc.nasa.gov/servlet/sm.web.Fetch/Agency_Awards_Historical_Recipient_List.pdf?rhid=1000&did=2120817&type=released|website=National Aeronautics and Space Administration}}</ref>{{sfn|Borman|Serling|1988|pp=222–223}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36084008/tucson_daily_citizen/|title=Borman Promoted to Deputy Director|date=January 9, 1969|newspaper=Tucson Daily Citizen|access-date=September 18, 2019|agency=United Press International|location=Tucson, Arizona|page=27|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Borman was also awarded the [[Air Force Distinguished Service Medal]].<ref name="valor">{{cite web |title=Frank Borman – Recipient |publisher=Military Times Hall of Valor |url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/27230 |access-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513211722/https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/27230 |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Afterward, Borman was sent on a goodwill tour of Europe, with a secondary objective of finding out more about the space programs of other [[NATO]] countries. He was accompanied by Bourgin and Nicholas Ruwe, the assistant chief of protocol at the [[State Department]]. Borman met with [[Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]] and a teenage [[Princess Anne]] at [[Buckingham Palace]] in the UK, with President [[Charles de Gaulle]] in France, [[Pope Paul VI]] in Rome, and [[Baudouin of Belgium|King Baudouin]] and [[Queen Fabiola of Belgium]].{{sfn|Borman|Serling|1988|pp=227–233}}

==== Apollo 11 ====
{{Main|Apollo 11}}
Space journalist [[Andrew Chaikin]] claims that, following the death of Gus Grissom, Borman became Slayton's choice to command the first Moon landing attempt. In the fall of 1968, Slayton offered command of the first landing to Borman, who turned it down.{{sfn|Chaikin|1994|p=128}} Long before Apollo&nbsp;8 lifted off, Borman had decided that it would be his last flight, and that he would retire in 1970.{{sfn|Borman|Serling|1988|pp=222–223}} After twenty years' service in the Air Force, he would qualify for a pension.{{sfn|Slayton|Cassutt|1994|pp=138–139}} Borman told an interviewer in 1999 that "my reason for joining NASA was to participate in the Apollo Program, the lunar program, and hopefully beat the Russians. I never looked at it for any individual goals. I never wanted to be the first person on the Moon and frankly, as far as I was concerned, when [[Apollo 11]] was over the mission was over. The rest was frosting on the cake."<ref name="oral" />

[[File:The phone call from the Oval Office to Apollo 11.jpg|thumb|left|Borman (center) in the Oval Office during Nixon's call to the Apollo 11 astronauts on the Moon]]

For the Apollo&nbsp;11 Moon landing mission in July 1969, Borman was assigned as NASA liaison to President [[Richard Nixon]] at the [[White House]]. He viewed the launch from the President's office.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Richard Nixon's Daily Diary |url=https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1969/013%20July%2016-31%201969.pdf |publisher=Richard Nixon Presidential Library |access-date=September 3, 2018 |page=2 |date=July 16, 1969 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215447/https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1969/013%20July%2016-31%201969.pdf |archive-date=September 3, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nixon initially had prepared a long speech to read to the astronauts on the Moon during a phone call, but Borman persuaded him to keep his words brief and non-partisan. He also convinced the President to omit the playing of the "[[Star Spangled Banner]]", which would have required the astronauts to waste two and a half minutes of their time on the surface standing still.{{sfn|Borman|Serling|1988|pp=237–238}} He accompanied the President in [[Marine One]], when it flew to the recovery ship, the aircraft carrier {{USS|Hornet|CV-12|6}} to meet the crew of Apollo&nbsp;11 on their return.{{sfn|Carmichael|2010|pp=107–108, 145–146}}

====Other military activities====
In June 1970, Borman retired from NASA and the U.S. Air Force as a colonel.<ref name="nmmuseum" /> He later cited family stress as a major reason for leaving the astronaut corps, in particular his wife's alcohol dependency.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 10, 2023 |title=Frank Borman, Apollo 8 commander who led first crew to orbit moon, dies at 95 |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/11/09/frank-borman-astronaut-eastern-dead/ |access-date=November 16, 2023}}</ref> For his services as an astronaut, the Air Force awarded him the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] and the [[Legion of Merit]].<ref name="valor" />

In August 1970, he undertook another special presidential mission, a worldwide tour to seek support for the release of American [[prisoners of war]] held by [[North Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Department of State Bulletin |volume=63 |issue=1633 |date=October 12, 1970 |title=U.S. Prisoners of War in Southeast Asia |pages=405–408 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/dsbul63&div=1&src=home |url-access=subscription}}</ref> At the conclusion of his 25-day mission to 25 countries,<ref name="Borman Gives Grim Report" /> Borman briefed Nixon on September 1 at the [[La Casa Pacifica|Western White House]] in [[San Clemente, California]]. While the mission was not an abject failure, his fame failed to compensate for his lack of political experience and gravitas.{{sfn|Davis|2000|p=249}} On September 22, he appeared before an unusual joint meeting of Congress conducted at the request of the [[National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast Asia]] in his capacity as presidential envoy. He noted that the POWs were being treated poorly, and urged Congress "not to forsake your countrymen who have given so much for you."<ref name="Borman Gives Grim Report">{{cite news |title=Borman Gives Grim Report on P.O.W.'s |first=John W. |last=Finney |newspaper=The New York Times  |date=September 23, 1970 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/23/archives/borman-gives-grim-report-on-pows.html |access-date=September 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927125756/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/23/archives/borman-gives-grim-report-on-pows.html |archive-date=September 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Borman performed one more assignment for the military. In 1976, there was a major cheating scandal at West Point. Faculty noticed remarkably similar answers to an examination paper for Electrical Engineering 304, a required course, that had been given to over 800 cadets to complete on their own. Cheating was a violation of the [[Cadet Honor Code]], and cheaters were subject to expulsion. Cadets were tried by 12-member honor boards of cadets that functioned as grand juries; but the system was prone to abuse, and those cleared on appeal to the five‐member appeal boards of officers that functioned as courts were often punished with "silence", a form of shunning.<ref>{{cite news |title=More Than 90 Cadets at West Point Face Charges of Cheating on a Test |first=James |last=Feron |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 8, 1976 |page=41  |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/08/archives/more-than-90-cadets-at-west-point-face-charges-of-cheating-on-a.html |access-date=September 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927125754/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/08/archives/more-than-90-cadets-at-west-point-face-charges-of-cheating-on-a.html |archive-date=September 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Borman was appointed to head a special commission to investigate and report to the [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Report to the Secretary of the Army by the Special Commission on the United States Military Academy |first1=Frank |last1=Borman |first2=Harold K. |last2=Johnson |author-link2=Harold Keith Johnson |first3=A. Kenneth |last3=Pye |author-link3=A. Kenneth Pye |first4=Willis M. |last4=Tate |author-link4= Willis M. Tate |first5=John T. |last5=Walker |author-link5=John T. Walker (bishop) |first6=Howard S. |last6=Wilcox |publisher=West Point |url=http://www.west-point.org/users/usma1983/40768/docs/borman.html |date=December 15, 1976 |access-date=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226202843/http://www.west-point.org/users/usma1983/40768/docs/borman.html |archive-date=December 26, 2017}}</ref> Eventually, 92 cadets were readmitted, and graduated with the Class of 1978; more than 60 others declined the offer of amnesty, and chose to complete their education elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web |title=West Point '78 Closing Book on Cheating '76 |first=James |last=Feron |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 5, 1978 |page=B1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/05/archives/west-point-78-closing-book-on-cheating-76-west-point-78-is-closing.html |access-date=September 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927125754/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/05/archives/west-point-78-closing-book-on-cheating-76-west-point-78-is-closing.html |archive-date=September 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Borman's son Frederick, of the West Point Class of 1974, was accused of taking a bribe. It was alleged that while a member of a cadet honor code board he had accepted a $1,200 payment to fix a case involving two cadets accused of cheating. Frederick was cleared of all charges after taking a [[polygraph]] test. Borman's younger son, Edwin, of the West Point Class of 1975, was also accused of improprieties, but there was no evidence to support the allegations, and they were dismissed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Son of Astronaut Cleared of Charge |first=Murray |last=Illson |date=November 17, 1976 |newspaper=The New York Times  |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/11/17/archives/son-of-astronaut-cleared-of-charge-army-lifts-bribe-allegation.html |access-date=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515111323/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/11/17/archives/son-of-astronaut-cleared-of-charge-army-lifts-bribe-allegation.html |archive-date=May 15, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>