Editing Francis Walsingham (section)

===Entrapment of Mary, Queen of Scots===
After the assassination in mid-1584 of [[William the Silent]], the leader of the Dutch revolt against Spain, English military intervention in the Low Countries was agreed in the [[Treaty of Nonsuch|Treaties of Nonsuch]] of 1585.<ref>Adams et al.; Cooper, p. 291</ref> The murder of William the Silent also reinforced fears for Queen Elizabeth's safety.<ref>Cooper, p. 194; Hutchinson, pp. 107, 116; Wilson, pp. 179–180</ref> Walsingham helped create the [[Bond of Association]], the signatories of which promised to hunt down and kill anyone who conspired against Elizabeth. The [[Safety of the Queen, etc. Act 1584|Act for the Surety of the Queen's Person]], passed by Parliament in March 1585, set up a legal process for trying any claimant to the throne implicated in plots against the Queen.<ref>Hutchinson, pp. 117–118</ref> The following month Mary, Queen of Scots, was placed in the strict custody of Sir [[Amias Paulet]], a friend of Walsingham.<ref>Hutchinson, p. 118</ref> At Christmas, she was moved to a moated manor house at [[Chartley Castle|Chartley]].<ref>Cooper, p. 207; Fraser, p. 479; Hutchinson, p. 120</ref> Walsingham instructed Paulet to open, read and pass to Mary unsealed any letters that she received, and to block any potential route for clandestine correspondence.<ref>Hutchinson, pp. 118–119</ref> In a successful attempt to entrap her, Walsingham arranged a single exception: a covert means for Mary's letters to be smuggled in and out of Chartley in a beer keg. Mary was misled into thinking these secret letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham's agents.<ref>Adams et al.; Cooper, pp. 209–211; Fraser, pp. 482–483; Hutchinson, p. 121; Wilson, p. 210</ref> In July 1586, [[Anthony Babington]] wrote to Mary about an impending plot to free her and kill Elizabeth.<ref>Adams et al.; Cooper, pp. 216–217; Fraser, p. 487; Hutchinson, pp. 127–129; Wilson, pp. 210–211</ref> Mary's reply was clearly encouraging and sanctioned [[Babington plot|Babington's plans]].<ref>Adams et al.; Cooper, pp. 217–218; Fraser, p. 488; Hutchinson, pp. 130–133; Wilson, p. 211</ref> Walsingham had Babington and his associates rounded up; fourteen were executed in September 1586.<ref>Cooper, pp. 219–221; Hutchinson, pp. 144–145</ref> In October, Mary was put on trial under the Act for the Surety of the Queen's Person in front of 36 commissioners, including Walsingham.<ref>Fraser, pp. 509–517; Hutchinson, pp. 153–163</ref>

During the presentation of evidence against her, Mary broke down and pointed accusingly at Walsingham saying, "all of this is the work of Monsieur de Walsingham for my destruction",<ref>Hutchinson, p. 164</ref> to which he replied, "God is my witness that as a private person I have done nothing unworthy of an honest man, and as Secretary of State, nothing unbefitting my duty."<ref>Fraser, p. 513; Hutchinson, p. 165</ref> Mary was found guilty and the warrant for her execution was drafted,<ref>Hutchinson, p. 169</ref> but Elizabeth hesitated to sign it, despite pressure from Walsingham.<ref>Hutchinson, p. 172</ref> Walsingham wrote to Paulet urging him to find "some way to shorten the life" of Mary to relieve Elizabeth of the burden,<ref>Hutchinson, p. 181</ref> to which Paulet replied indignantly, "God forbid that I should make so foul a shipwreck of my conscience, or leave so great a blot to my poor posterity, to shed blood without law or warrant."<ref>Fraser, p. 529; Hutchinson, p. 182</ref> Walsingham made arrangements for Mary's execution; Elizabeth signed the warrant on 1 February 1587 and entrusted it to [[William Davison (diplomat)|William Davison]], who had been appointed as junior Secretary of State in late September 1586. Davison passed the warrant to Cecil and a privy council convened by Cecil without Elizabeth's knowledge agreed to carry out the sentence as soon as was practical. Within a week, Mary was beheaded.<ref>Hutchinson, pp. 183–194; Wilson, pp. 221–222</ref> On hearing of the execution, Elizabeth claimed not to have sanctioned the action and that she had not meant Davison to part with the warrant. Davison was arrested and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]]. Walsingham's share of Elizabeth's displeasure was small because he was absent from court, at home ill, in the weeks just before and after the execution.<ref>Hutchinson, pp. 196–202; Wilson, pp. 223–228</ref> Davison was eventually released in October 1588, on the orders of Cecil and Walsingham.<ref>Hutchinson, pp. 201, 328; Wilson, p. 226</ref>