Editing Foreign relations of Zambia (section)

=== Liberation and political support ===
Zambia received its own liberation from colonialism relatively early from Britain. The newly formed Zambian government under President [[Kenneth Kaunda]] of the [[United National Independence Party|UNIP]] party was active in the liberation and disputes of its neighbors for decades following its independence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Isaacman|first1=Allen|last2=Lalu|first2=Premesh|last3=Nygren|first3=Thomas|date=2005|title=Digitization, History, and the Making of a Postcolonial Archive of Southern African Liberation Struggles: The Aluka Project|journal=Africa Today|volume=52|issue=2|pages=55–77|doi=10.1353/at.2006.0009|jstor=4187703|s2cid=145625678}}</ref> The Zambian government offered shelter for revolutionaries, mediated treaty signings and offered aid and weapons. The continuation of colonial rule in Southern Africa was seen as a slight to Zambia and inherent feelings of African unity drove the new nation to aid its neighbors resist colonial rule.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taylor & Francis Group|date=May 2007|title=Introduction: White Power, Black Nationalism and the Cold War in Southern Africa|journal=Cold War History|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=165–168|doi=10.1080/14682740701284090|s2cid=218577817|issn=1468-2745}}</ref>

Most notably, Zambia was a haven for revolutionaries from the [[Namibia]] liberation party,<ref name="A 2009">{{Cite thesis|last=A.|first=Williams, Christian|date=2009|title=Exile History: An Ethnography of the SWAPO Camps and the Namibian Nation.|hdl=2027.42/64754|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/64754|type=Thesis|language=en-US|access-date=7 December 2019|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207155221/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/64754|url-status=live}}</ref> [[SWAPO|South West African People's Organization (SWAPO)]] and the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) in [[South Africa]]. Zambia provided a rear base for revolutionaries as well as administrative and political aid.

==== SWAPO ====
[[File:Nelson Mandela-2008 cropped.jpg|thumb|Former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela had previously expressed the important role Zambia played in post-apartheid South Africa]]
The [[SWAPO|South West African People's Organization]] (SWAPO) is a political party that was formerly an independence movement based in Namibia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vigne|first=Randolph|date=January 1987|title=SWAPO of Namibia: A movement in exile|journal=Third World Quarterly|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=85–107|doi=10.1080/01436598708419963|issn=0143-6597}}</ref> Due to pressures from within Namibia, SWAPO moved its headquarters and much of its forces into neighboring Zambia in the 1970s. Zambia became a safe haven for the group and SWAPO set up guerrilla training camps and sent exiled members into Zambia.<ref name="A 2009" /> The Shipanga Crisis, so named for senior SWAPO leader [[Andreas Shipanga]], saw the Zambian government help round up thousands of dissidents and critics of the movement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Leys|first1=Colin|last2=Saul|first2=John S.|date=1994|title=Liberation without Democracy? The Swapo Crisis of 1976|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=20|issue=1|pages=123–147|doi=10.1080/03057079408708390|jstor=2637123}}</ref> SWAPO leaders in Namibia saw growing dissent in the SWAPO installations and guerrilla camps in Zambia, and appealed to then President Kaunda for help. After rounding up thousands of perceived rebels, including Shipanga with the aid of Zambia, SWAPO leadership in Namibia became markedly more authoritarian.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fivush|first=Robyn|date=February 2010|title=Speaking silence: The social construction of silence in autobiographical and cultural narratives|journal=Memory|volume=18|issue=2|pages=88–98|doi=10.1080/09658210903029404|pmid=19565405|s2cid=36928878|issn=0965-8211}}</ref>

==== African National Congress ====
The [[African National Congress]] was an anti-apartheid political party based in South Africa, with close ideological ties to the [[Zambian African National Congress]] of President Kenneth Kaunda.<ref>"South Africa Bans African National Congress". ''African American Registry''. Retrieved 11 November 2018.</ref> When the political party was banned in South Africa by the colonial government, many of its leaders went underground or fled to Zambia.<ref>Macmillan, Hugh. "The African National Congress of South Africa in Zambia: The Culture of Exile and the Changing Relationship with Home, 1964-1990". ''Journal of Southern African Studies'', vol. 35, no. 2, 2009, pp. 303–329.</ref> Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, became the new headquarters for many ANC leaders in exile from their native South Africa. Zambia thus developed a legacy of being the center of activity for South African liberation and allowed exiled leaders to convene and organize. Former South African President Nelson Mandela had expressed the important role that Zambia played in the liberation of their country during the years of exile.<ref>"Nelson Mandela's Work and Freedom Would Have Been Difficult If Not for Zambia". ''[[New African]]'', 31 July 2018</ref> Zambia's policy of liberation through diplomacy and discreet support for African nationalist movements within the region is most poignant in the South African case.<ref>Landsberg, Chris. ''The Quiet Diplomacy of Liberation: International Politics and South Africa's Transition''. Jacana Media, 2004</ref>

==== Zimbabwe ====
Zambia has also provided key support to the liberation struggles of nearby Zimbabwe from their colonial rulers in the 1960s to 1970s.<ref>Scarritt, James R., and Solomon M. Nkiwane. "Friends, neighbors, and former enemies: the evolution of Zambia-Zimbabwe relations in a changing regional context". ''Africa Today'' 43.1 (1996): 7-31.</ref> Specifically, Zambia provided armed and diplomatic support to [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]] (ZAPU) and the [[Zimbabwe African National Union]] (ZANU) during their struggles against the unrecognized rogue state Rhodesian government in the Rhodesian Bush War.<ref>Chongo, Clarence. ''Decolonising Southern Africa: a history of Zambia's role in Zimbabwe's liberation struggle 1964-1979''. Diss. University of Pretoria, 2</ref> Zambia provided limited arms and training towards Zimbabwe's African nationalist movements, but largely applied diplomatic approaches to induce liberation in Zimbabwe.<ref>Scarritt, James R., Solomon M. Nkiwane, and Henrik Sommer. "A process tracing plausibility probe of uneven democratization's effects on cooperative dyads: The case of Zambia and Zimbabwe 1980–1993". ''International Interactions'' 26.1 (2000): 55-90.</ref> This included multiple visits and discussion between the Rhodesian government and Zambia leaders to negotiate a resolution to the civil strife within the country. Eventually, in 1979, the Rhodesian government submitted to international pressures and conducted elections that lead to majority rule and the eventual renaming of the country as Zimbabwe.<ref>"Insurgency in Rhodesia, 1957–1973: An Account and Assessment". International Institute for Strategic Studies. 1973.</ref>

==== UNITA ====
The [[UNITA|National Union for the Total Independence of Angola]] (UNITA) was a party in Angola that served as one of the main belligerents in the Angolan Civil War of 1975 against  [[MPLA|People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola]] (MPLA).<ref>"Absolute Hell Over There". ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 17 January 1977. Retrieved 21 November 2018.</ref> Zambia, under Kenneth Kaunda trained and funded UNITA against the MPLA during the civil war. Lusaka remained one of the most ardent supporters of the UNITA African nationalists and UNITA troops trained in Zambia.<ref>Wade. "The Angolan Civil War (1975-2002): A Brief History". ''South African History Online'', 13 July 2017</ref> Since then, Zambia has rescinded its historical support of UNITA and has apologized to the current Angolan government over the historical support of UNITA.<ref>Simuchoba, Arthur (31 October 2011). [https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2011-10-31-we-are-so-sorry-sata-tells-angola/ "We Are so Sorry, Sata Tells Angola"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209000751/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2011-10-31-we-are-so-sorry-sata-tells-angola/ |date=9 February 2022 }}. ''[[TimesLIVE]]''.</ref>