Editing Foreign relations of Sudan (section)

===Asia===
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|{{flag|China}}||See [[China–Sudan relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1959.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=4 February 2019 |title=60-Year Fruitful Partnership Paves the Way to a Brighter Future |url=http://sd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dshd/202011/t20201105_6687795.htm#:~:text=Since%20the%20two%20sides%20established,to%20achieve%20win%2Dwin%20results. |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Sudan}}</ref>

China is Sudan's biggest trade partner. China imports oil, from Sudan, and Sudan imports low cost items as well as armaments from China. China and Sudan enjoy a very robust and productive relationship in the fields of diplomacy, economic trade, and political strategic. The two nations established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1959 and have since become strongly close global allies. Education also has close ties, as Sudanese students go to China to learn Chinese, and Chinese students go to Sudan to learn Arabic.
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|{{flag|Iran}}||See [[Iran-Sudan relations]]
Relations between Sudan and Iran have long been cordial due to their opposition to [[Israel]] and extensive trade and diplomatic services existed between the two nations. In January 2016, Sudan severed relations with Iran, choosing instead to align itself with Saudi Arabia's isolation of Tehran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article57584|title=Sudan severs diplomatic ties with Iran - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|website=Sudan Tribune|date=15 June 2016|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004733/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article57584|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Iraq}}||
Sudan has an embassy in [[Baghdad]] and Iraq's embassy is in Khartoum.

During the [[Iran–Iraq War|war between Iraq and Iran]] in the 1980s, Sudan maintained a careful balancing act, calling for a cessation of hostilities but sympathizing with Iraq.<ref name="loc2015" /> Sudan on several occasions offered to mediate the conflict.<ref name="loc2015" /> By 1988, Sudan called for an end to the war on the basis of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 598]].<ref name="loc2015" /> Sudan supported Iraq's [[invasion of Kuwait]] in 1990, leading to a period of close relations with Baghdad.<ref name="loc2015" /> Iraq was believed to have supplied weapons to Sudan and in the mid-1990s agreed to help Sudan exploit its oil wealth.<ref name="loc2015" /> Although Sudan was trying to improve [[Sudan–United States relations|relations with the United States]] after the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks]], it remained critical of the subsequent American-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]].<ref name="loc2015" /> Following the overthrow of the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Ba'athist regime]], however, Sudan's position on Iraq became more nuanced.<ref name="loc2015" /> On the one hand, it was quick to criticize the United States, which harshly condemned Sudan's record on human rights, for its double standard in dealing with prisoners in Iraq.<ref name="loc2015" /> It also advised Sudanese not to work with U.S. contractors in the country.<ref name="loc2015" /> By late 2004, however, Sudan's relations with the new Iraqi government had improved to the point that Iraq's foreign minister visited Khartoum and met with al-Bashir. Subsequently, Sudan generally avoided commenting on Iraq.<ref name="loc2015" />
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|{{flag|Israel}}||See [[Israel–Sudan relations]]

When the [[Six-Day War|Arab-Israeli war]] began in June 1967, Sudan declared war on [[Israel]]. However, in the early 1970s, Sudan gradually shifted its stance and was supportive of the [[Camp David Accords (1978)|Camp David Accords]]. In January 2016, Sudanese Foreign Minister Ibrahim Ghandour floated normalized ties with Israel provided the U.S. government lifts economic sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/sudan-said-willing-to-consider-normalizing-ties-with-israel/|title=Sudan said willing to consider normalizing ties with Israel|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> Despite official denials from the Sudanese government, it is suspected that Israel and Sudan maintain covert relations along with other moderate Sunni states as Sudan is a member of the "Saudi coalition" and both nations are vehemently opposed to Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/time-to-publicize-secret-ties-with-arab-states-netanyahu-says/|title=Time for Arab states to publicize their Israel ties, Netanyahu says|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref>

On 23 October 2020, Sudan agreed to normalize relations with Israel in return for the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump Administration]] removing Sudan from the United States' list of state sponsors of terrorism, easing a barrier to economic aid and investment in Sudan.<ref name="BBC Sudan-Israel">{{cite news |title=Sudan-Israel relations agreed, Donald Trump announces|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54554286 |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121005902/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54554286 |archive-date=21 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="WSJ Sudan Israel">{{cite news |last1=Steinhauser |first1=Gabriele |last2=Bariyo |first2=Nicholas |title=Israel-Sudan Deal: Sudan Removed From U.S. Terrorism List |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-sudan-deal-what-does-the-pact-mean-and-why-now-11603483853 |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202071830/https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-sudan-deal-what-does-the-pact-mean-and-why-now-11603483853 |archive-date=2 December 2020}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Malaysia}}||See [[Malaysia–Sudan relations]].
Malaysia has an embassy in Khartoum, while Sudan has an embassy in [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sudanembassy-kl.org.my/ |title=Sudan Embassy in Kuala Lumpur |access-date=19 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503000444/http://www.sudanembassy-kl.org.my/ |archive-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Both countries are members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], Sudan has brotherly relations with Malaysia.

In October 2021, bilateral relations with Malaysia were adversely affected by the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan|Sudanese transitional government]]'s seizure of Petronas' Sudanese assets on the allegation that they had been acquired through illegal means during the rule of ousted [[President of Sudan|Sudanese President]] [[Omar al-Bashir]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aslan |first1=Dilara |title=Sudanese government seeks confiscation of Malaysia's Petronas' assets |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064956/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |archive-date=8 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the Malaysian Government urged the Sudanese government to honour the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Treaty while Petronas submitted an arbitration request at the [[World Bank]]'s [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes]] (ICSID).<ref>{{cite web |title=Issue of Petronas Sudan Complex in Khartoum |url=https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013141919/https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |archive-date=13 October 2021 |date=13 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia urges Sudan to honour bilateral treaty, observe sanctity of a diplomatic premise over Petronas Sudan Complex |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Malay Mail]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013153724/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |archive-date=13 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Siew Mung |title=Petronas pursuing legal action to cancel arrest warrant issued against ex-officers |url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014061101/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |archive-date=14 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Middle East Monitor]] contributor Nasim Ahmed opined that the transitional Sudanese government's actions were part of a foreign policy to move away from traditional allies like Turkey, Qatar and China and to court Western investors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Nasim |title=Sudan is turning on former allies under the pretext of fighting corruption |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009230119/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Pakistan}}||See [[Pakistan–Sudan relations]].
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1956.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |title=Asian Recorder - Volume 2 |publisher=1956 |pages=1105}}</ref>

Relations between Pakistan and Sudan have been characterised as close, warm, brotherly, and cordial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/07/11/city/islamabad/pakistan-sudan-enjoy-cordial-relations-badar/|title=Pakistan, Sudan enjoy cordial relations: Badar|website=Pakistan Today|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> Both Pakistan and Sudan share the [[Islam|same religion]] as well as historical baggage of colonial rule. Both countries are members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], the [[Like Minded Group]], and the [[Group of 77]] in the [[United Nations]].

Bilateral relations strengthened when Sudan declared its support for Pakistan in the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Indo-Pakistani wars]], and Pakistan stood by Sudan over its integrity and sovereignty, especially on its boundary disputes with both [[Egypt]] and [[South Sudan]]. Pakistan also contributed to the UN peacekeeping force in Sudan with [[Pakistan Armed Forces|1,542 personnel and 92 observers]] during the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]].<ref name="muslim-institute.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.muslim-institute.org/PublicationDetail?publication=85/Republic-of-Sudan-(History-and-future-of-a-country-battered-by-Civil-Wars)|title=Republic of Sudan (History and future of a country battered by Civil Wars) - MUSLIM Institute|website=muslim-institute.org|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113231303/http://www.muslim-institute.org/PublicationDetail?publication=85%2FRepublic-of-Sudan-%28History-and-future-of-a-country-battered-by-Civil-Wars%29|archive-date=13 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Through various memorandums of understanding, the two cooperate in the fields of agriculture, healthcare and education. Pakistan is also supporting Sudan with higher education as more than five hundred students from Sudan study in the universities of Pakistan which is the highest number of Sudanese students to any foreign country.<ref name="muslim-institute.org" /> In the past, Pakistan has offered medical training to Sudanese without any tuition fees.<ref>http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/12296/pak-sudan-relations-thank-you-pakistan/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728233521/http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/12296/pak-sudan-relations-thank-you-pakistan/ |date=28 July 2012 }} From Sudan: Thank you Pakistan!</ref> Sudan donated generously in the relief efforts during [[2005 Kashmir earthquake|earthquake in 2005]] and [[2010 Pakistan floods|floods in 2010 in Pakistan]]. In turn, [[Pakistan]] has sent aid to Sudan during drought and famine. UNMIS Pakistani contingent regularly holds free clinics in remote areas of [[Blue Nile State]] that are currently inaccessible by land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unmis.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=600&ctl=Details&mid=697&ItemID=4651|title=Pakistanis assisting with DDR|date=12 July 2009|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> In 2009, 37th such event was held near [[Ad-Damazin]] where over 1,500 patients were treated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unmis.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=511&ctl=Details&mid=697&ItemID=6536|title=Pakistanis hold free medical camp in Kadala|date=23 November 2009|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-pakistanis-hold-free-medical-camp-kadala|title=Sudan: Pakistanis hold free medical camp in Kadala|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref>

Pakistan and Sudan regularly engage in collaborative dialogue at OIC summits to improve political stability in the [[Middle East]] and the [[Islamic World]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/13/content_8162843.htm |title=Pakistan, Sudan agree to enhance bilateral cooperation_English_Xinhua |access-date=14 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214233601/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/13/content_8162843.htm |archive-date=14 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, President [[Mamnoon Hussain]] proposed a third round of Pakistan-Sudan Joint Ministerial Commission (JMC) to enhance cooperation in trade, economic and defence sectors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/15-Dec-2014/pakistan-keen-to-strengthen-trade-defence-ties-with-sudan-mamnoon |title=Pakistan keen to strengthen trade, defence ties with Sudan:Mamnoon |access-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075857/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/15-Dec-2014/pakistan-keen-to-strengthen-trade-defence-ties-with-sudan-mamnoon |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>
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|{{flag|Qatar}}||See [[Qatar–Sudan relations]]
Relations between Qatar and Sudan were first established in 1972, when Qatar inaugurated its embassy in Sudan's capital, Khartoum.<ref name="qatariembassy">{{cite web|url=http://khartoum.embassy.qa/en/republic-of-sudan/qatar-sudan-relations|title=Qatar–Sudan relations|publisher=Qatari Embassy in Khartoum|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118190208/http://khartoum.embassy.qa/en/republic-of-sudan/qatar-sudan-relations|url-status=dead}}</ref> In turn, Sudan has an embassy in [[Doha]], Qatar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy19626/|title=Sudanese Embassy in Doha, Qatar|website=embassypages.com|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> Qatar remains one of the largest foreign investors in Sudan,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/story/568527/Qatari-Sudanese-ties-years-of-co-operation-and-exc|title=Qatari-Sudanese ties – years of co-operation and excellence|newspaper=Gulf Times|date=24 October 2017|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> and has helped broker peace agreements between the Sudanese government and rebel factions in [[Darfur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-darfur-ceasfire/sudan-darfur-rebels-sign-ceasefire-in-qatar-media-idUSBRE91A0FT20130211|title=Sudan, Darfur rebels sign ceasefire in Qatar: media|work=Reuters|date=11 February 2013|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
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|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|See [[Saudi Arabia–Sudan relations]].
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1956 when Minister of the Republic of Sudan to Saudi Arabia, Sayyid Mahjoub Maccawi, presented his credentials to King Saud.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=U.S. Records on Saudi Affairs, 1945-1959: Internal affairs, 1955-1958 |publisher=Archive Editions Limited |year=1997 |pages=407, 582}}</ref>

Saudi Arabia had been an important source of financial support for Sudan prior to the 1990–91 Gulf War.<ref name="loci2015" /> Sudan's support for Iraq adversely affected its relations with Saudi Arabia, and al-Turabi's brand of Islamism was not in tune with Saudi Wahhabi philosophy.<ref name="loci2015" /> Riyadh suspended grants, project loans, and concessionary oil sales.<ref name="loci2015" /> This action had a devastating impact on Sudan's budget and economy.<ref name="loci2015" /> The relationship normalized by 1995 and continued to improve.<ref name="loci2015" /> The two countries signed an agreement in 2004 to set up a political coordination committee.<ref name="loci2015" /> Al-Bashir visited Saudi Arabia in May 2004, and Saudi leaders subsequently supported Sudan's handling of the crisis in Darfur.<ref name="loci2015" /> In 2005 the two countries signed two security agreements on combating crime, drug trafficking, and terrorism.<ref name="loci2015" /> Saudi Arabia also began providing assistance for development projects in South Sudan.<ref name="loci2015" /> Significant numbers of Sudanese had for many years worked in Saudi Arabia, a factor that increased the importance of the relationship.<ref name="loci2015" />
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|{{flag|South Korea}}||
The requirement for all other agencies with intelligence-gathering and analysis functions in their charters to coordinate their activities with the [[Agency for National Security Planning|ANSP]] was reaffirmed.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://portal.nis.go.kr/app/overseas/worldinfo/totalview?midArr=&fieldArr=ko_name%2Cen_name&keyWord=%BC%F6%B4%DC&page=1&area=&dataNo=12201&viewNo=1 |script-title= ko:세계각국소개: 수단 |language= ko |publisher= [[National Intelligence Service (South Korea)|National Intelligence Service]] |access-date= 8 July 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Syria}}
|See [[Sudan–Syria relations]]
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1957 when has been accredited Ambassador of Syria to Sudan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Abdel Rahman El Azm.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=Republic of the Sudan |year=1957 |pages=50}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Turkey}}||See [[Sudan–Turkey relations]]
* Turkey and Sudan established bilateral relations on 25 August 1957,<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=1958 |pages=26 |quote=9.TURKEY H.E. Shams El Din Arif Mardin ... 25.8.57}}</ref> although there has been diplomatic contact in the past as Sudan was under the [[Ottoman rule]] of Muhammad Ali Pasha.
* [[Sudan]] has an embassy in [[Ankara]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-sudan.en.mfa| title= Relations between Turkey and Sudan}}</ref>
*Turkey has an embassy in [[Khartoum]].<ref name=":0" />
*Trade volume between the two countries was US$434 million in 2019 (Sudanese exports/imports: 73/361 million USD).<ref name=":0" />
*[[Yunus Emre Institute]] has a local headquarters in [[Khartoum]].

Although on opposing sides of the [[Peace Process in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|Middle East Peace Process]] spectrum, Turkey and Sudan have in recent years joined forces to end the ongoing conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians. Both countries have made repeated plea talks during the [[2008-2009 Israel-Gaza Conflict|offensive in Gaza during the beginning of 2009]] to Palestinian officials to be of both economic and political aid to the turmoilic state.
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|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}||See [[Sudan–United Arab Emirates relations]]
The [[Democratic Republic of Sudan]] was one of the first countries where the UAE established diplomatic relations, during the presidency of [[Gaafar Nimeiry|Jaafar Nimeiri]]. On 7 May 2025, Sudan severed its relations with the UAE over accusations of the latter supporting the [[Rapid Support Forces]] in the [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|Sudanese Civil War]].<ref name="BBC" />
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|{{Flag|Yemen}}
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1956 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires a.i. of Legation of the Yemen to Sudan Sayed Salah Ahmed El Masri.<ref name="Sudan Almanac"/>
As of 2011, relations between Yemen and Sudan were not particularly strong, but they took on added importance after Yemen, Sudan, and Ethiopia developed an alliance late in 2003.<ref name="loci2015">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen |editor-last=Berry|editor1-first=LaVerle|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf|encyclopedia=Sudan: a country study|date=2015|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|isbn=978-0-8444-0750-0|edition=5th|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=287–288|postscript=. {{PD-notice}} Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.}}</ref> The leaders of the three countries subsequently met frequently; the focus of their concern was often Eritrea.<ref name="loci2015" /> This alliance took an interesting twist at the end of 2004, when Yemeni president Ali Abdallah Salih offered to mediate differences between Sudan and Eritrea.<ref name="loci2015" /> As Sudan–Eritrea relations improved, the tripartite alliance with Ethiopia became dormant.<ref name="loci2015" /> The heads of government of Sudan, Yemen, Ethiopia, and Somalia did meet in Addis Ababa early in 2007, where they focused on the situation in Somalia.<ref name="loci2015" /> Sudan and Yemen also signed 14 cooperative agreements in mid-2007.<ref name="loci2015" /> As of early 2011, Sudan–Yemen relations were cordial but less significant than they had been several years before.<ref name="loci2015" />
|}