Editing Foreign relations of China (section)

=== International territorial disputes ===
{{main|Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China}}

China has had border or maritime disputes with several countries, including with Vietnam in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]] and with Japan. Beijing has resolved many of these disputes. Notably on 21 July 2008, Russia finally resolved the last remaining border dispute along the 4300&nbsp;km border between the two countries by ceding a small amount of territory to China.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 July 2008|title=China, Russia sign border agreement|work=[[Business Standard]], [[Press Trust of India]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=42718|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211141134/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=42718|archive-date=11 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 July 2008|title=The Sino-Russian border: The cockerel's cropped crest|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792951|url-status=live|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829172624/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792951|archive-date=29 August 2009}}</ref>

Territorial disputes with other countries below:<ref name="ciaworldfactbook" />

* The PRC claims the ''de jure'' administration of [[Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China|Taiwan Province]], as well as mainland-nearby islands of [[Kinmen]] and [[Matsu Islands]], currently controlled by the '''[[Republic of China]]'''.<ref name="ciaworldfactbook" />
* 10 features in the [[Yalu River|Yalu]] (Korean: Amnok) river are in dispute with '''North Korea'''.<ref name="ciaworldfactbook" />
* Border dispute with '''India'''; India claims control of [[Aksai Chin]], which China seized during the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, while China claims most of the Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (called [[South Tibet]] by China).<ref name="ciaworldfactbook" />
*Portions of the [[Bhutan–China border|Bhutan-China border]].<ref name="ciaworldfactbook" />
* China claims the administration of [[Senkaku Islands]] (Diaoyutai Islands), currently held by '''[[Japan]]'''.<ref name="ciaworldfactbook" />
*South China Sea Issue (《Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea》 was signed by the People's Republic of China and the 10 ASEAN countries (10+1) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia on 4 November 2002)
** [[Paracel Islands]] administered and occupied by the People's Republic, but claimed by '''Vietnam'''.<ref>China and Bhutan have not yet established diplomatic relations, nevertheless negotiations are ongoing as of 2008.</ref>
** Involved in a dispute with '''the''' '''[[Philippines]]''' over [[Scarborough Shoal]].<ref name="ciaworldfactbook" />
**Involved in a [[Spratly Islands dispute|complex dispute over the Spratly Islands]] with '''Malaysia''', '''the [[Philippines]]''', '''Vietnam''', '''Taiwan''', and possibly '''[[Brunei]]'''.<ref name="ciaworldfactbook" />
**The maritime area in South China Sea, which China claimed sovereignty on area surrounding shoals and islands in the Sea, as well as historical right over the area in [[nine-dash line]], while countries like the United States and Japan consider the maritime area as [[international water]].<ref>{{cite web|date=10 June 2015|title=The South China Sea conflict in a nutshell|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2015/06/10/commentary/world-commentary/south-china-sea-conflict-nutshell/}}</ref>
*[[Exclusive economic zone]] disputes with '''North Korea''' in the [[Yellow Sea]]; '''[[South Korea]]''' in the Yellow and [[East China Sea]]s; '''[[Japan]]''' in the East China Sea ([[East China Sea EEZ disputes]]); '''Vietnam''', the '''[[Philippines]]''', '''Malaysia''', '''[[Brunei]]''' and '''[[Indonesia]]''' in the South China Sea.<ref name="ciaworldfactbook" />

Territorial disputes listed above as between the PRC and ROC ("Taiwan") stems from the question of which government is the legitimate government of China. The Republic of China which views itself as the successor state of the Qing Dynasty did not renounce any territory which fell under de facto control of other states (i.e. Mongolia), but has largely been a non-participant in enforcing these claims. The People's Republic of China which inherited the claims has settled a number of such disputes with Mongolia and Russia via bilateral treaties, not recognized by the Republic of China. In this respect, the territorial disputes between the PRC and neighboring countries may be considered a subset of those between the ROC and said countries.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Bloomberg News reports that these disputes are undermining China's attempts to charm its neighbors away from American influence.<ref>Forsythe, Michael and Sakamaki, Sachiko [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-26/china-s-asian-charm-offensive-in-shambles-over-disputes-with-neighbors.html China's Asian Charm Offensive in `Shambles' Over Disputes With Neighbors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103180245/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-26/china-s-asian-charm-offensive-in-shambles-over-disputes-with-neighbors.html|date=3 November 2012}} [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], 26 September 2010</ref> China has come to rely more on military power to resolve these disputes. China has made double digit percentage increases in its military budget for many years, though as a percentage of its fast growing GDP falling from 1.4% in 2006 to 1.3% in 2011.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-03-04/chinese-military-spending-will-rise-11-percent-in-2012 "China Raising 2012 Defense Spending to Cope With Unfriendly 'Neighborhood'."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305072900/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-03-04/chinese-military-spending-will-rise-11-percent-in-2012|date=5 March 2012}} ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''. 4 March 2012.</ref> This may lead to a China causing its own encirclement by nations that are ever more firmly aligned against an increasingly well armed and dominant China.<ref>[https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/03/05/chinas-defense-spending-dilemma/ "China's Defense Spending Dilemma."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807040319/https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/03/05/chinas-defense-spending-dilemma/|date=7 August 2017}} ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. 5 March 2012.</ref> As of 2013 this has caused even the Philippines to invite back onto their soil not just the Americans, but also the Japanese.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Zachary Keck|author2=The Diplomat|title=Made in China: A US-Japan-Philippines Axis?|url=https://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/06/29/made-in-china-a-us-japan-philippines-axis/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111190223/https://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/06/29/made-in-china-a-us-japan-philippines-axis/|archive-date=11 November 2013|access-date=19 February 2015|work=The Diplomat}}</ref>

[[File:20041120-1 bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg|thumb|[[Hu Jintao]] of China and [[George W. Bush]] meet while attending an [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]] summit in Santiago de Chile, 2004.]]

In March 2024, it was revealed that Japan and the European Union are set to engage in discussions regarding cooperation on advanced materials for next-generation chips and batteries, aiming to decrease their dependence on China. EU Commissioner for Innovation and Research, Iliana Ivanova, highlighted the potential mutual benefits of establishing a dialogue framework.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 March 2024|title=Japan, EU to discuss cooperation on tech materials to cut reliance on China, Nikkei says|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/japan-eu-discuss-cooperation-tech-materials-cut-reliance-china-nikkei-says-2024-03-30/|access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref>