Editing First Vatican Council (section)

== Suspension and aftermath ==
[[File:Engraving of First Vatican Council.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Drawing showing the First Vatican Council]]

Discussion of the rest of the document on the nature of the church was to continue when the bishops returned after a summer break. In the meanwhile, the [[Franco-Prussian War]] broke out. With the swift German advance and the capture of Emperor [[Napoleon III]], French troops protecting papal rule in Rome withdrew from the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Military Forces in Rome, 1849–1870 |url=https://www.rfrajola.com/FrenchRome/FrenchRome.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316163444/http://www.rfrajola.com/frenchrome/FrenchRome.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-16 |url-status=live |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=Frajola}}</ref>

On 20 October 1870, one month after the newly founded [[Kingdom of Italy]] [[Capture of Rome|had occupied Rome]], Pope Pius IX, who then considered himself a prisoner in the Vatican, issued the bull {{lang|la|Postquam Dei munere}}, adjourning the council indefinitely.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hennessy|first=Paul K.|date=1996|title=The Infallibility of the Papal Magisterium as Presented in the Pastoral Letters of the Bishops of the United States after Vatican I|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/horizons/article/infallibility-of-the-papal-magisterium-as-presented-in-the-pastoral-letters-of-the-bishops-of-the-united-states-after-vatican-i/8FED83A82B8B313B6DBA72FE104A4485|journal=Horizons|language=en|volume=23|issue=1|pages=7–28|doi=10.1017/S0360966900029820|s2cid=170213488 |issn=0360-9669}}</ref> While some proposed to continue the council in the Belgian city of [[Mechlin]], it was never reconvened.{{sfn|Kirch|1912|p=307}} The council was formally closed in 1960 by [[Pope John XXIII]], prior to the formation of the [[Second Vatican Council]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Vatican I |url=https://vatican.com/Vatican-I/ |website=Vatican.com |access-date=25 February 2019 |date=22 May 2018}}</ref>

In reaction to the political implications of the doctrine of infallibility on the [[Sovereign state|sovereignty]] of [[secular state]]s, some of the European kingdoms and republics took rapid action against the Catholic Church. The [[Austrian Empire]] annulled the [[Concordat of 1855]]. In the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], the anti-Catholic ''[[Kulturkampf]]'' broke out immediately afterwards, and in the [[French Third Republic]] the synod so accentuated the power of [[ultramontanism]] (an emphasis on the powers of the pope), that Republican France took steps to curb it by revoking the [[Concordat of 1801]], and therefore [[Separation of church and state|completely separating the Church from the state]].{{sfn|Mirbt|1911|p=951}}