Editing Finance (section)

===Public finance===
[[File:20071203-Bush speech on budget Rose Garden.jpg|thumb|President [[George W. Bush]], speaking on the [[United States federal budget|Federal Budget]] in 2007, [[n:US Congress debates Iraq funding|requesting additional funds]] from [[United States Congress|Congress]]]]
[[File:2023-federal-budget-breakdown.png|thumb|322x322px|CBO: 2023 US Federal Budget Infographic]]

{{Main|Public finance}}
Public finance describes finance as related to sovereign states, sub-national entities, and related public entities or agencies. It generally encompasses a long-term strategic perspective regarding investment decisions that affect public entities.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doss|first1=Daniel|last2=Sumrall|first2=William|last3=Jones|first3=Don|title=Strategic Finance for Criminal Justice Organizations|date=2012|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-1-4398-9223-7|page=23|edition=1st}}</ref> These long-term strategic periods typically encompass five or more years.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doss|first1=Daniel|last2=Sumrall|first2=William|last3=Jones|first3=Don|title=Strategic Finance for Criminal Justice Organizations|date=2012|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-1-4398-9223-7|pages=53–54|edition=1st}}</ref> Public finance is primarily concerned with:<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Sharon |last1=Kioko |first2=Justin |last2=Marlowe |title=Financial Strategy for Public Managers |publisher=Rebus Foundation |url=https://press.rebus.community/financialstrategy/ |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-927472-59-0 |access-date=2022-07-05 |archive-date=2022-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615185910/https://press.rebus.community/financialstrategy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Identification of [[government expenditures|required expenditures]] of a public sector entity;
* Source(s) of that [[government revenue|entity's revenue]];
* The [[government budget|budgeting process]];
* Sovereign [[Government bond|debt issuance]], or [[municipal bond]]s for [[public works]] projects.

Central banks, such as the [[Federal Reserve System]] banks in the [[United States]] and the [[Bank of England]] in the [[United Kingdom]], are strong players in public finance. They act as [[lender of last resort|lenders of last resort]] as well as strong influences on monetary and credit conditions in the economy.<ref>Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System of the United States. Mission of the Federal Reserve System. [http://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/mission.htm Federalreserve.gov] Accessed: 2010-01-16. (Archived by WebCite at  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114154328/http://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/mission.htm |date=2010-01-14 }})</ref>

[[Development finance]], which is related, concerns investment in [[economic development]] projects provided by a [[Development finance institution#Typology|(quasi) governmental institution]] on a non-commercial basis; these projects would otherwise not be able [[Public utility#Finance|to get financing]]. A [[public–private partnership]] is primarily used for [[infrastructure]] projects: a private sector corporate provides the financing up-front, and then draws profits from taxpayers or users.
[[Climate finance]], and the related [[Environmental finance]], address the financial strategies, resources [[Climate finance#Financial instruments|and instruments]] used in [[climate change mitigation]].